TAMU BIOLOGY 112 EXAMINATION TEST 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Gram Positive - ✔✔Darker stain, indicates:
- The presence of large amounts of peptidoglycan and low amounts of lipids
- Thick cell wall
- Susceptible to penicillin
✔✔Gram Negative - ✔✔Lighter stain; Indicates:
- Low levels of peptidoglycan and high levels of lipid
✔✔How does penicillin work? - ✔✔Inhibits enzymes that synthesize cell wall cross links
in prokaryotes
✔✔Are bacterial flagellum covered by the cell membrane? - ✔✔No, it extends from a
socket located within the membrane
✔✔Bacterial flagellum characteristics - ✔✔- Primarily comprosed of flagellum
- 1 or more distributed across the membrane or concentrated at an end
- Spins like a propeller
- Driven by H+ ion motor
✔✔Pili Characteristics - ✔✔- Found in protista
- Shorter and more rigid than flagella
- Non motile
- Many different functions (anchoring, sex, motility)
✔✔Fimbra - ✔✔Type of pili that attatches a bateria to a surface
✔✔Type IV Pili - ✔✔Used for motility, pulls bacteria along a surface
✔✔Capsule Characteristics - ✔✔- Polysaccaride coat
- Sticks cell to surfaces/other cells
- Defense
- Generally indicates a pathogenic species
✔✔Protist Inner Membrane Organelles - ✔✔- Cytoplasm
- Nucleoid
- Plasmid
- Ribosomes
- Spores
✔✔Defining Characteristics of bacterial cell membrane - ✔✔Double lipid bilayer with
floating protiens
, ✔✔Define:
Nucleoid - ✔✔mass of DNA in prokaryotes; compsed of circular DNA attached to the
inner surface of the cell membrane
✔✔Define:
Plasmid - ✔✔Smaller circular DNA molecules sometimes found in prokaryotes in
addition to the nucleoid; contain 2-30 genes; control own replication/segregation within
cell
✔✔Bacterial Ribosomes vs Eukaryotic Ribosomes - ✔✔smaller than eukaryotic
ribosomes; sensitive to different antibiotics than eukaryotic ribosomes
✔✔Define:
Bacterial Spores
(Endospores) - ✔✔- Not produced by all bacteria
- Dominant resistant stage: thick cell wall, resistant to drying out, heat, and chemicals
- Can live 100+ years
- hydrate and become vegetative bacterium under favorable conditions
✔✔Sexual Reproduction in Prokaryotes - ✔✔not essential, not used to increase
population size, occurs only under specific circumstances
✔✔Prokaryotic Metabolism Characteristics - ✔✔- Autotrophs, Chemoautotrophs,
Photoautotrophs, Heterotrophs, Saprobes, and Symbionts
- Metabolic pathways differentiate species
✔✔Types of symbiosis - ✔✔Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
SPECIES ARE NOT LOCKED TO ONE TYPE - ENVIRONMENT DETERMINES WHAT
TYPE THEY ARE
✔✔The three Domains - ✔✔Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
✔✔Which domain is Archaea most closely related to? - ✔✔Eukarya
✔✔Characteristic of Archaea - ✔✔- Old af
- Many use proteins in cell walls but NO peptidoglycan
- Some ether linked lipids in cell wall, some ester linked lipids
- Ribosomes and RNA Polymerase resembles those found in Eukaryotes
✔✔Four Kingdoms of Archaea - ✔✔1) Euryarchaeota: methanogens, thermophiles of
vents, halophiles
2) Crenarchaeota: thermophiles of geysers
3) Korarchaeota: thermophiles of hot springs
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Gram Positive - ✔✔Darker stain, indicates:
- The presence of large amounts of peptidoglycan and low amounts of lipids
- Thick cell wall
- Susceptible to penicillin
✔✔Gram Negative - ✔✔Lighter stain; Indicates:
- Low levels of peptidoglycan and high levels of lipid
✔✔How does penicillin work? - ✔✔Inhibits enzymes that synthesize cell wall cross links
in prokaryotes
✔✔Are bacterial flagellum covered by the cell membrane? - ✔✔No, it extends from a
socket located within the membrane
✔✔Bacterial flagellum characteristics - ✔✔- Primarily comprosed of flagellum
- 1 or more distributed across the membrane or concentrated at an end
- Spins like a propeller
- Driven by H+ ion motor
✔✔Pili Characteristics - ✔✔- Found in protista
- Shorter and more rigid than flagella
- Non motile
- Many different functions (anchoring, sex, motility)
✔✔Fimbra - ✔✔Type of pili that attatches a bateria to a surface
✔✔Type IV Pili - ✔✔Used for motility, pulls bacteria along a surface
✔✔Capsule Characteristics - ✔✔- Polysaccaride coat
- Sticks cell to surfaces/other cells
- Defense
- Generally indicates a pathogenic species
✔✔Protist Inner Membrane Organelles - ✔✔- Cytoplasm
- Nucleoid
- Plasmid
- Ribosomes
- Spores
✔✔Defining Characteristics of bacterial cell membrane - ✔✔Double lipid bilayer with
floating protiens
, ✔✔Define:
Nucleoid - ✔✔mass of DNA in prokaryotes; compsed of circular DNA attached to the
inner surface of the cell membrane
✔✔Define:
Plasmid - ✔✔Smaller circular DNA molecules sometimes found in prokaryotes in
addition to the nucleoid; contain 2-30 genes; control own replication/segregation within
cell
✔✔Bacterial Ribosomes vs Eukaryotic Ribosomes - ✔✔smaller than eukaryotic
ribosomes; sensitive to different antibiotics than eukaryotic ribosomes
✔✔Define:
Bacterial Spores
(Endospores) - ✔✔- Not produced by all bacteria
- Dominant resistant stage: thick cell wall, resistant to drying out, heat, and chemicals
- Can live 100+ years
- hydrate and become vegetative bacterium under favorable conditions
✔✔Sexual Reproduction in Prokaryotes - ✔✔not essential, not used to increase
population size, occurs only under specific circumstances
✔✔Prokaryotic Metabolism Characteristics - ✔✔- Autotrophs, Chemoautotrophs,
Photoautotrophs, Heterotrophs, Saprobes, and Symbionts
- Metabolic pathways differentiate species
✔✔Types of symbiosis - ✔✔Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
SPECIES ARE NOT LOCKED TO ONE TYPE - ENVIRONMENT DETERMINES WHAT
TYPE THEY ARE
✔✔The three Domains - ✔✔Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
✔✔Which domain is Archaea most closely related to? - ✔✔Eukarya
✔✔Characteristic of Archaea - ✔✔- Old af
- Many use proteins in cell walls but NO peptidoglycan
- Some ether linked lipids in cell wall, some ester linked lipids
- Ribosomes and RNA Polymerase resembles those found in Eukaryotes
✔✔Four Kingdoms of Archaea - ✔✔1) Euryarchaeota: methanogens, thermophiles of
vents, halophiles
2) Crenarchaeota: thermophiles of geysers
3) Korarchaeota: thermophiles of hot springs
