TAMU BIOLOGY 112 TEST PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Horizontal Gene Transfer - Transformation - ✔✔DNA released into the
ENVIRONMENT by dead cells is taken up by a recipient cell
✔✔Horizontal Gene Transfer - Transduction - ✔✔DNA is injected from one cell to
another via a BACTERIOPHAGE
✔✔Horizontal Gene Transfer - Conjugation - ✔✔DNA is transferred between two
prokaryotic cells via a sex PILUS
-Requires Fertility Factor/F Plasmid
✔✔Is Horizontal Gene Transfer observed in Archaea? - ✔✔Yes
✔✔What do some bacteria produce under stress? What does this do? - ✔✔Endospores
(resistant and dormant, formed within a bacterium); it preserves the cell's genetic
material in harsh environments
✔✔Domain: Archaea - ✔✔Any of various single-celled prokaryotes genetically distinct
from bacteria, often thriving in extreme environmental conditions
-Includes extremophiles and methanogens
✔✔Domain Bacteria: Proteobacteria - ✔✔-gram negative
-diverse metabolism/nutrition
-includes many nitrogen-fixing bacteria
-includes "food-poisoning" bacteria
✔✔Domain Bacteria: Chlamydias - ✔✔-gram negative
-all are endoparasites
✔✔Domain Bacteria: Spirochetes - ✔✔-characteristic spiral shape
-many free-living, but include disease-causing pathogens
-ex. syphilis; Lyme disease
✔✔Domain Bacteria: Cyanobacteria - ✔✔- plant-like, O2 generating photosynthesis
- some are also N-fixers
- "blooms" can make toxins
✔✔Domain Bacteria: Gram Positive Bacteria - ✔✔-includes many decomposers in soil
-includes many pathogens (ex. strep throat)
, ✔✔Exotoxins - ✔✔a group of soluble proteins that are secreted by the bacterium, enter
host cells, and catalyze the covalent modification of a host cell component(s) to alter the
host cell physiology.
✔✔HGT is a contributor to bacteria gaining resistance faster than we can produce new
drugs. What does HGT stand for? - ✔✔Horizontal Gene Transfer
✔✔Microbial bioremediation - ✔✔the use of prokaryotes (or microbial metabolism) to
remove pollutants from the environment
✔✔Plastid - ✔✔group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches, lipids, or
pigments
✔✔Phagocytosis - ✔✔Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf
large particles and take them into the cell
-"Cell eating"
✔✔Are protists motile? - ✔✔The majority are
✔✔Flagella - ✔✔A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are
flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.
-found in Euglena
✔✔Cilia - ✔✔Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used
for locomotion
-found in Paramecium
✔✔Phototaxis - ✔✔Movement toward or away from light
✔✔Pseudopodia - ✔✔A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and
feeding.
-found in Amoeba
✔✔Taxis - ✔✔Movement toward or away from a stimulus.
✔✔Alternation of Generations - ✔✔the alternation between the haploid gametophyte
and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle
✔✔Three types of asexual reproduction in protists - ✔✔1) Binary Fission
2) Multiple Fission
3) Budding
✔✔Archaeplastida Supergroup - ✔✔red algae, green algae, land plants
WITH ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Horizontal Gene Transfer - Transformation - ✔✔DNA released into the
ENVIRONMENT by dead cells is taken up by a recipient cell
✔✔Horizontal Gene Transfer - Transduction - ✔✔DNA is injected from one cell to
another via a BACTERIOPHAGE
✔✔Horizontal Gene Transfer - Conjugation - ✔✔DNA is transferred between two
prokaryotic cells via a sex PILUS
-Requires Fertility Factor/F Plasmid
✔✔Is Horizontal Gene Transfer observed in Archaea? - ✔✔Yes
✔✔What do some bacteria produce under stress? What does this do? - ✔✔Endospores
(resistant and dormant, formed within a bacterium); it preserves the cell's genetic
material in harsh environments
✔✔Domain: Archaea - ✔✔Any of various single-celled prokaryotes genetically distinct
from bacteria, often thriving in extreme environmental conditions
-Includes extremophiles and methanogens
✔✔Domain Bacteria: Proteobacteria - ✔✔-gram negative
-diverse metabolism/nutrition
-includes many nitrogen-fixing bacteria
-includes "food-poisoning" bacteria
✔✔Domain Bacteria: Chlamydias - ✔✔-gram negative
-all are endoparasites
✔✔Domain Bacteria: Spirochetes - ✔✔-characteristic spiral shape
-many free-living, but include disease-causing pathogens
-ex. syphilis; Lyme disease
✔✔Domain Bacteria: Cyanobacteria - ✔✔- plant-like, O2 generating photosynthesis
- some are also N-fixers
- "blooms" can make toxins
✔✔Domain Bacteria: Gram Positive Bacteria - ✔✔-includes many decomposers in soil
-includes many pathogens (ex. strep throat)
, ✔✔Exotoxins - ✔✔a group of soluble proteins that are secreted by the bacterium, enter
host cells, and catalyze the covalent modification of a host cell component(s) to alter the
host cell physiology.
✔✔HGT is a contributor to bacteria gaining resistance faster than we can produce new
drugs. What does HGT stand for? - ✔✔Horizontal Gene Transfer
✔✔Microbial bioremediation - ✔✔the use of prokaryotes (or microbial metabolism) to
remove pollutants from the environment
✔✔Plastid - ✔✔group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches, lipids, or
pigments
✔✔Phagocytosis - ✔✔Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf
large particles and take them into the cell
-"Cell eating"
✔✔Are protists motile? - ✔✔The majority are
✔✔Flagella - ✔✔A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are
flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.
-found in Euglena
✔✔Cilia - ✔✔Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used
for locomotion
-found in Paramecium
✔✔Phototaxis - ✔✔Movement toward or away from light
✔✔Pseudopodia - ✔✔A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and
feeding.
-found in Amoeba
✔✔Taxis - ✔✔Movement toward or away from a stimulus.
✔✔Alternation of Generations - ✔✔the alternation between the haploid gametophyte
and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle
✔✔Three types of asexual reproduction in protists - ✔✔1) Binary Fission
2) Multiple Fission
3) Budding
✔✔Archaeplastida Supergroup - ✔✔red algae, green algae, land plants
