HESI RN HOW VIRUS CAUSE DISEASE SET OF QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Hoe are the new daily HIV infections distributed amongst populations?
• About 50% are in sub-Saharan Africa
• About 360 are among children under 15 years of age
• About 3200 are among adults aged 15 years and older, of whom:
- almost 46% are among women
- about 30% are among young people (15–24)
- about 18% are among young women (15–24)
What type of virus is HIV?
HIV is a retrovirus – Retroviridae family, subfamily Orthoretrovirinae, genus
Lentivirus
Where do the different HIV originate?
Zoonotic origin:
HIV-1 (chimpanzees and gorillas)
1
,HIV-2 (sooty mangabeys)
How many people are living with HIV and how many are developing new infection
each year?
39m
How many new HIV infections a day?
3600 new HIV infections (adults and children) a day | 2022
What is the HIV reservior?
Quiescent (or latent) infection within memory CD4+ T cells - maintained
indefinitely through homeostatic proliferation
Long-term infection of naïve CD4+ T cells, monocytes and macrophages
What is the issue with the HIV reservior?
1. Current antiretroviral treatment (ART) cannot eliminate the integrated viral DNA
from
the infected cells, hence cannot eradicate the infection
2. Although ART is highly effective in suppressing viral replication, residual
replication seems to occur and to maintain the HIV reservoir
3. The HIV reservoir is the source of recrudescence in effectively treated individuals
who discontinue ART
Where is latent HIV established?
HIV establishes quiescent of latent infection within memory CD4 T cells
These cells are maintained indefinitely through homeostatic proliferation
2
, And some cells have stem-cell-like capacity for self-renewal
Where else may HIV establish latent infection?And why is it beneficial to establish
elsewhere?
Naïve CD4 T cells
monocytes
macrophages
Monocytes and macrophages have longer half life so they are good for this reservoir
What is the host response to HIV?
Adaptive immunity:
The HIV decline after acute infection is mediated by HIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic
T lymphocytes (CTL), which over time fail to durably control the virus
HIV is capable of generating CTL escape mutants
What do HIV 1 and 2 resemble closely?
simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs)
Simian immunodeficiency virus is a species of retrovirus that cause persistent
infections in at least 45 species of non-human primates.
3
AND CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Hoe are the new daily HIV infections distributed amongst populations?
• About 50% are in sub-Saharan Africa
• About 360 are among children under 15 years of age
• About 3200 are among adults aged 15 years and older, of whom:
- almost 46% are among women
- about 30% are among young people (15–24)
- about 18% are among young women (15–24)
What type of virus is HIV?
HIV is a retrovirus – Retroviridae family, subfamily Orthoretrovirinae, genus
Lentivirus
Where do the different HIV originate?
Zoonotic origin:
HIV-1 (chimpanzees and gorillas)
1
,HIV-2 (sooty mangabeys)
How many people are living with HIV and how many are developing new infection
each year?
39m
How many new HIV infections a day?
3600 new HIV infections (adults and children) a day | 2022
What is the HIV reservior?
Quiescent (or latent) infection within memory CD4+ T cells - maintained
indefinitely through homeostatic proliferation
Long-term infection of naïve CD4+ T cells, monocytes and macrophages
What is the issue with the HIV reservior?
1. Current antiretroviral treatment (ART) cannot eliminate the integrated viral DNA
from
the infected cells, hence cannot eradicate the infection
2. Although ART is highly effective in suppressing viral replication, residual
replication seems to occur and to maintain the HIV reservoir
3. The HIV reservoir is the source of recrudescence in effectively treated individuals
who discontinue ART
Where is latent HIV established?
HIV establishes quiescent of latent infection within memory CD4 T cells
These cells are maintained indefinitely through homeostatic proliferation
2
, And some cells have stem-cell-like capacity for self-renewal
Where else may HIV establish latent infection?And why is it beneficial to establish
elsewhere?
Naïve CD4 T cells
monocytes
macrophages
Monocytes and macrophages have longer half life so they are good for this reservoir
What is the host response to HIV?
Adaptive immunity:
The HIV decline after acute infection is mediated by HIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic
T lymphocytes (CTL), which over time fail to durably control the virus
HIV is capable of generating CTL escape mutants
What do HIV 1 and 2 resemble closely?
simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs)
Simian immunodeficiency virus is a species of retrovirus that cause persistent
infections in at least 45 species of non-human primates.
3
