Bio 121 - Final Exam Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h85ag7
1. 4 Characteristics of life: 1. Metabolism (Ability to extract energy from enviorn-
ment and use it for cellular work)
2. Homeostasis (Ability to regulate internal enviorment)
3. Reproduction (Possess genetic material and has ability to pass it to next genera-
tion)
4. Evolution (Ability to change and adapt over time by mutation and natural selection)
2. Levels of Orgnization: Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population,
community, ecosystem, biosphere
3. Simplest form of life: Cells: (Smallest unit of life, can be unicellular or multicel-
lular)
4. Scientific Method: A series of steps followed to solve problems including collect-
ing data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
5. Independent Variable (IV): The experimental factor that is manipulated; the vari-
able whose effect is being studied.
6. Dependent Variable (DV): The measured outcome of a study; the responses of
the subjects in a study.
7. Control Variable (CV): A variable that is kept the same (not changed) during the
experiment.
8. Constants: Conditions that stay the same in the experiment
9. Atomic number: number of protons
10. Protons vs. Neutrons vs. Electrons: Protons are positive, neutrons are neutral,
and electrons are negative
11. Ions: positively and negatively charged atoms
(Examples H+)
12. What is an atom made up of?: a positively charged nucleus containing protons
and neutrons, surrounded by electrons
13. What's an element?: Pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
14. 1st law of thermodynamics: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it
cannot be created nor destroyed.
15. 2nd law of thermodynamics: Energy cannot be changed from one form to
another without a loss of usable energy
16. Endergonic: A chemical reaction that requires the INPUT of energy in order to
proceed
17. Exergonic: Chemical reactions that release energy (spontaneous)
18. Anabolic: building up
19. Catabolic: breaking down
20. Hydrolysis: Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of
water (Catabolic)
1/5
, Bio 121 - Final Exam Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h85ag7
21. Dehydration/Condensation: Two molecules are covalently bonded with the
loss of a water molecule (Anabolic)
22. Properties of water: High polarity->hydrogen bonding-> cohesiveness-> adhe-
siveness ->high specific heat->high latent heat and High heat of vaporization
23. Hydrophilic: Attracted to water
24. Hydrophobic: Water fearing
25. Acid: compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
26. Functional groups are: the components of organic molecules that are most
commonly involved in chemical reactions
27. Name the functional groups: Hydroxyl (-OH); Methyl (-CH3); Carboxyl
(-COOH); Amino (-NH2); Phosphate (-H2PO4)
28. Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides- Single sugar molecules
Disaccharides- A double sugar (joined by dehydration synthesis)
Polysaccharides- Made up of more than two monosaccharides
29. Lipids: - Can be used to store energy
- Can form cell membranes
- Can form horomones
30. Amino acids structure: Central carbon, Amino group (NH2), Carboxyl group
(COOH) [acid part], Hydrogen,"R" group (R groups have 20 different sides)
31. Polypeptide structure: Primary- Amino acid sequence of a protien
Secondary- Folding that forms alpha helices and beta sheets, resulting from hydro-
gen bonds between nearby amino acid Tertiary- Tridimensional shape resulting from
the interaction between R groupd og amino acid
Quaternary- Two or more polypeptide chains interacting
32. Nucelic acids function: Store and transmit genetic info
(DNA & RNA)
33. Protien denaturation: -Destroying proteins shape by heat, pH changes, or
exposure to chemicals
-Disrupts h bonding and ionic interactions that stabilize structure and function
34. Enzymes: Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
35. Enzymes catalyze reactions by: lowering the activation energy
36. Activation energy: Energy that is needed to get a reaction started
37. Phospholipid bilayer: Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid
molecules arranged with polar HEADS facing the outside and nonpolar TAILS facing
the inside.
38. Plasma membrane: The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as
a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
39. 4 factors that affect cell membrane fluidity: Temp, length of fatty acid chain,
saturated or unsaturated fatty acids and presence of cholesterol
2/5
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h85ag7
1. 4 Characteristics of life: 1. Metabolism (Ability to extract energy from enviorn-
ment and use it for cellular work)
2. Homeostasis (Ability to regulate internal enviorment)
3. Reproduction (Possess genetic material and has ability to pass it to next genera-
tion)
4. Evolution (Ability to change and adapt over time by mutation and natural selection)
2. Levels of Orgnization: Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population,
community, ecosystem, biosphere
3. Simplest form of life: Cells: (Smallest unit of life, can be unicellular or multicel-
lular)
4. Scientific Method: A series of steps followed to solve problems including collect-
ing data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
5. Independent Variable (IV): The experimental factor that is manipulated; the vari-
able whose effect is being studied.
6. Dependent Variable (DV): The measured outcome of a study; the responses of
the subjects in a study.
7. Control Variable (CV): A variable that is kept the same (not changed) during the
experiment.
8. Constants: Conditions that stay the same in the experiment
9. Atomic number: number of protons
10. Protons vs. Neutrons vs. Electrons: Protons are positive, neutrons are neutral,
and electrons are negative
11. Ions: positively and negatively charged atoms
(Examples H+)
12. What is an atom made up of?: a positively charged nucleus containing protons
and neutrons, surrounded by electrons
13. What's an element?: Pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom
14. 1st law of thermodynamics: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it
cannot be created nor destroyed.
15. 2nd law of thermodynamics: Energy cannot be changed from one form to
another without a loss of usable energy
16. Endergonic: A chemical reaction that requires the INPUT of energy in order to
proceed
17. Exergonic: Chemical reactions that release energy (spontaneous)
18. Anabolic: building up
19. Catabolic: breaking down
20. Hydrolysis: Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of
water (Catabolic)
1/5
, Bio 121 - Final Exam Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h85ag7
21. Dehydration/Condensation: Two molecules are covalently bonded with the
loss of a water molecule (Anabolic)
22. Properties of water: High polarity->hydrogen bonding-> cohesiveness-> adhe-
siveness ->high specific heat->high latent heat and High heat of vaporization
23. Hydrophilic: Attracted to water
24. Hydrophobic: Water fearing
25. Acid: compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
26. Functional groups are: the components of organic molecules that are most
commonly involved in chemical reactions
27. Name the functional groups: Hydroxyl (-OH); Methyl (-CH3); Carboxyl
(-COOH); Amino (-NH2); Phosphate (-H2PO4)
28. Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides- Single sugar molecules
Disaccharides- A double sugar (joined by dehydration synthesis)
Polysaccharides- Made up of more than two monosaccharides
29. Lipids: - Can be used to store energy
- Can form cell membranes
- Can form horomones
30. Amino acids structure: Central carbon, Amino group (NH2), Carboxyl group
(COOH) [acid part], Hydrogen,"R" group (R groups have 20 different sides)
31. Polypeptide structure: Primary- Amino acid sequence of a protien
Secondary- Folding that forms alpha helices and beta sheets, resulting from hydro-
gen bonds between nearby amino acid Tertiary- Tridimensional shape resulting from
the interaction between R groupd og amino acid
Quaternary- Two or more polypeptide chains interacting
32. Nucelic acids function: Store and transmit genetic info
(DNA & RNA)
33. Protien denaturation: -Destroying proteins shape by heat, pH changes, or
exposure to chemicals
-Disrupts h bonding and ionic interactions that stabilize structure and function
34. Enzymes: Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
35. Enzymes catalyze reactions by: lowering the activation energy
36. Activation energy: Energy that is needed to get a reaction started
37. Phospholipid bilayer: Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid
molecules arranged with polar HEADS facing the outside and nonpolar TAILS facing
the inside.
38. Plasma membrane: The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as
a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
39. 4 factors that affect cell membrane fluidity: Temp, length of fatty acid chain,
saturated or unsaturated fatty acids and presence of cholesterol
2/5
