BIO 191 EXAM 2 NEWEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 350 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
prokaryotic cell - (answer) no membrane -bound organelles, no nucleus, DNA in nucleoid, bacterial
chromosome, capsule shape, only contains: fimbrae, nucleoid, ribosome, flagella, plasma membrane,
cell wall
eukaryotic cell - (answer) nucleus, DNA bound by membranous nuclear envelope, has membrane-
bound organelles, generally larger
parts of endomembrane system - (answer) nucelar envelope, golgi apparatus, vescicles + vacuoles, ER,
lysosomes, plasma membrane
endomembrane system and cellular trafficking - (answer) regulates protein traffic and performs
metabolic functions in the cell---all phospholipid bilayer--dynamic
endosymbiont hypothesis - (answer) mitochondria ad chloroplasts used to be autonomous aerobic
bacteria/prokaryotes
structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts - (answer) enveloped by a double membrane, have free
ribosomes + circular DNA molecules, semiautonomous: grow and reproduce independently.
peroxisome - (answer) removes H atoms and transfers them to O2--becomes h2o2 by-product and is
then converted to h2o by second enzyme.
breaks down fatty acid, has glyoxysomes in seedlings, and detoxifies alcohol in liver cells.
mitochondria - (answer) cristae: inner membrane with high surface area and contains proteins critical
for cellular respiration
matrix: in the inner membrane and contains enzymes, m+DNA, and ribosomes.
chloroplast - (answer) stroma: fluid filled space within the inner membrane and contains DNA,
ribosomes, and enzymes
thylakoids: interconnected sacs within stroma, usually in "pancake" stacks.
thylakoid space: compartment within the thylakoids.
, BIO 191 EXAM 2 NEWEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 350 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
components + functions of the cytoskeleton - (answer) support: anchors organelles
motility: cilia + flagella / actin + myosin
regulation: organizes organelles
3 structures: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
cytoskeleton - (answer) a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
microtubules - (answer) thickest of 3 fibers, composed of hollow tubulin rods, polar ends, involved in
shaping the cell: centrosomes + centrioles, provide "highway" for cellular traffic (transport vesicles from
golgi to plasma membrane), separating cells during cell division, and allow for movement (cilia + flagella)
microfilaments - (answer) thinnest of 3 fibers, composed of solid rods, tension bearing: 3D cortex
inside plasma membrane, facilitate changes in cell shape, actin+myosin, and muscle contraction
intermediate filaments - (answer) diverse class of filaments: built from proteins including keratin,
support cell shape and fix organelles in place, most permanent cytoskeleton fixture: less dynamic, eg
nuclear lamina.
extracellular matrix (ECM) - (answer) covers animal cells, consists of glycoproteins (collagen,
proteoglycans, fibronectin), bind to integrins (receptor proteins in PM), influences cell function and gene
activity, communicates through integrin binding
cell junctions in plant cells - (answer) plasmodesmata
cell junctions in animal cells - (answer) tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
fluidity of plasma membrane. - (answer) temperature: cooler = solid, warmer = fluid
cholesterol content aka "fluidity buffer": warm = decreases fluidity, cooler = increases fluidity
un/saturated fatty acid concentration: unsaturated concentration = more fluid
ANSWERS
prokaryotic cell - (answer) no membrane -bound organelles, no nucleus, DNA in nucleoid, bacterial
chromosome, capsule shape, only contains: fimbrae, nucleoid, ribosome, flagella, plasma membrane,
cell wall
eukaryotic cell - (answer) nucleus, DNA bound by membranous nuclear envelope, has membrane-
bound organelles, generally larger
parts of endomembrane system - (answer) nucelar envelope, golgi apparatus, vescicles + vacuoles, ER,
lysosomes, plasma membrane
endomembrane system and cellular trafficking - (answer) regulates protein traffic and performs
metabolic functions in the cell---all phospholipid bilayer--dynamic
endosymbiont hypothesis - (answer) mitochondria ad chloroplasts used to be autonomous aerobic
bacteria/prokaryotes
structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts - (answer) enveloped by a double membrane, have free
ribosomes + circular DNA molecules, semiautonomous: grow and reproduce independently.
peroxisome - (answer) removes H atoms and transfers them to O2--becomes h2o2 by-product and is
then converted to h2o by second enzyme.
breaks down fatty acid, has glyoxysomes in seedlings, and detoxifies alcohol in liver cells.
mitochondria - (answer) cristae: inner membrane with high surface area and contains proteins critical
for cellular respiration
matrix: in the inner membrane and contains enzymes, m+DNA, and ribosomes.
chloroplast - (answer) stroma: fluid filled space within the inner membrane and contains DNA,
ribosomes, and enzymes
thylakoids: interconnected sacs within stroma, usually in "pancake" stacks.
thylakoid space: compartment within the thylakoids.
, BIO 191 EXAM 2 NEWEST 2024-2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 350 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS
components + functions of the cytoskeleton - (answer) support: anchors organelles
motility: cilia + flagella / actin + myosin
regulation: organizes organelles
3 structures: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
cytoskeleton - (answer) a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
microtubules - (answer) thickest of 3 fibers, composed of hollow tubulin rods, polar ends, involved in
shaping the cell: centrosomes + centrioles, provide "highway" for cellular traffic (transport vesicles from
golgi to plasma membrane), separating cells during cell division, and allow for movement (cilia + flagella)
microfilaments - (answer) thinnest of 3 fibers, composed of solid rods, tension bearing: 3D cortex
inside plasma membrane, facilitate changes in cell shape, actin+myosin, and muscle contraction
intermediate filaments - (answer) diverse class of filaments: built from proteins including keratin,
support cell shape and fix organelles in place, most permanent cytoskeleton fixture: less dynamic, eg
nuclear lamina.
extracellular matrix (ECM) - (answer) covers animal cells, consists of glycoproteins (collagen,
proteoglycans, fibronectin), bind to integrins (receptor proteins in PM), influences cell function and gene
activity, communicates through integrin binding
cell junctions in plant cells - (answer) plasmodesmata
cell junctions in animal cells - (answer) tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
fluidity of plasma membrane. - (answer) temperature: cooler = solid, warmer = fluid
cholesterol content aka "fluidity buffer": warm = decreases fluidity, cooler = increases fluidity
un/saturated fatty acid concentration: unsaturated concentration = more fluid
