Hesi A2/Biology Study Guide
1.Five Kingdom Classification System:
Kingdom Phylum/division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Specie
s
King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
2.The five kingdoms are: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
3.The Monera Kingdom (Prokaryotes): includes about 10,000 known
species of prokaryotes such as bacteria and cyanobacteria. Members of
this kingdom can be unicellular organisms or colonies.
4.Protista Kingdom: unicellular, protozoans and unicellular and multi
cellular al- gae.
5.Fungi Kingdom: eukaryotic kingdom of heterotrophic decomposers
with cell walls made of chitin
6.Three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
7.Human Classification: Domain:
Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapiens
8.binomial nomenclature: Classification system in which each species is
assigned a two-part scientific name
9.Species: A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce
fertile off- spring.
10.Natural selection: A process in which individuals that have certain
inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than
other individuals because of those traits.
11.Darwin's Four Principles: 1. From generation to generation, there are
various individuals within a species
2.Genes determine variations
,3.More individuals are born than survive to maturation
4.Specific genes enable an organism to better survive
12.Gradualism: The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily
13.punctuated equilibrium: Pattern of evolution in which long stable
periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
14.stasis: long periods of no change
15.scientific knowledge: sum of all scientific inquiries for truths about
the natural world
16.scientific inquiry: The diverse ways in which scientists study the
natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.
17.Scientific Method: 1. Identifying a problem or posing a question
2.Formulating a hypothesis or an educated guess
3.Conducting experiments or tests that will provide a basis to solve the
problem or answer the question.
4.Observing the results of the test
5.Drawing conclusions
18.Important properties of water: high
polarity hydrogen bonding
cohesiveness
adhesiveness
high specific
heat high
latent heat
high heat of vaporization
19.Water is liquidized at: room temperature
20.high specific heat of water: It takes a lot of energy to heat up
water, which allows for a stable environment; due to hydrogen
bonding
21.Water is cohesive and adhesive: water is attracted to itself due to
hydrogen bonds and it is readily attracted to other molecules.
22.Water is hydrophilic: If water tends to adhere to another substance
23.Water is a good solvent because: substances, particularly with polar
,ions and molecules, readily dissolve in water.
24.Macromolecules: A very large organic molecule composed of many
smaller molecules
they play an important role in cell structure and function
, 25.The four basic organic macromolecules produced by anabolic
reactions are: 1. carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
2 .nucleic acids
3. proteins
4. lipids
26.nucleic acids: Nucleic acids are the biopolymers, or small
biomolecules, essen- tial to all known forms of life. The term nucleic
acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA. They are composed of
nucleotides, which are the monomers made of three components: a 5-
carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
27.proteins: any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that
consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of
amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially
as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen,
etc., and as enzymes and antibodies.
28.four basic building blocks involved in catabolic reactions: 1.
monosaccha- rides (glucose)
2.amino acids
3. fatty acids (glycerol)
4. nucleotides
29.carbohydrates: are the primary source of energy and are responsible
for pro- viding energy as they can be easily converted to glucose. it is
the oxidation of carbohydrates that provides the cells with most of
their energy.
Glucose can be further broken down by respiration or fermentation by
glycolysis. They are involved in the metabolic energy cycles of
photosynthesis and respiration. Carbohydrates are made of carbon,
hyrdrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates are broken down into sugars or glucose.
The simple sugars can be grouped into monosaccharides and
disaccharides.
30.Monosaccharides: Single sugar
molecules glucose, fructose, galactose
1.Five Kingdom Classification System:
Kingdom Phylum/division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Specie
s
King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
2.The five kingdoms are: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
3.The Monera Kingdom (Prokaryotes): includes about 10,000 known
species of prokaryotes such as bacteria and cyanobacteria. Members of
this kingdom can be unicellular organisms or colonies.
4.Protista Kingdom: unicellular, protozoans and unicellular and multi
cellular al- gae.
5.Fungi Kingdom: eukaryotic kingdom of heterotrophic decomposers
with cell walls made of chitin
6.Three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
7.Human Classification: Domain:
Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapiens
8.binomial nomenclature: Classification system in which each species is
assigned a two-part scientific name
9.Species: A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce
fertile off- spring.
10.Natural selection: A process in which individuals that have certain
inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than
other individuals because of those traits.
11.Darwin's Four Principles: 1. From generation to generation, there are
various individuals within a species
2.Genes determine variations
,3.More individuals are born than survive to maturation
4.Specific genes enable an organism to better survive
12.Gradualism: The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily
13.punctuated equilibrium: Pattern of evolution in which long stable
periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
14.stasis: long periods of no change
15.scientific knowledge: sum of all scientific inquiries for truths about
the natural world
16.scientific inquiry: The diverse ways in which scientists study the
natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.
17.Scientific Method: 1. Identifying a problem or posing a question
2.Formulating a hypothesis or an educated guess
3.Conducting experiments or tests that will provide a basis to solve the
problem or answer the question.
4.Observing the results of the test
5.Drawing conclusions
18.Important properties of water: high
polarity hydrogen bonding
cohesiveness
adhesiveness
high specific
heat high
latent heat
high heat of vaporization
19.Water is liquidized at: room temperature
20.high specific heat of water: It takes a lot of energy to heat up
water, which allows for a stable environment; due to hydrogen
bonding
21.Water is cohesive and adhesive: water is attracted to itself due to
hydrogen bonds and it is readily attracted to other molecules.
22.Water is hydrophilic: If water tends to adhere to another substance
23.Water is a good solvent because: substances, particularly with polar
,ions and molecules, readily dissolve in water.
24.Macromolecules: A very large organic molecule composed of many
smaller molecules
they play an important role in cell structure and function
, 25.The four basic organic macromolecules produced by anabolic
reactions are: 1. carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
2 .nucleic acids
3. proteins
4. lipids
26.nucleic acids: Nucleic acids are the biopolymers, or small
biomolecules, essen- tial to all known forms of life. The term nucleic
acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA. They are composed of
nucleotides, which are the monomers made of three components: a 5-
carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
27.proteins: any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that
consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of
amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially
as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen,
etc., and as enzymes and antibodies.
28.four basic building blocks involved in catabolic reactions: 1.
monosaccha- rides (glucose)
2.amino acids
3. fatty acids (glycerol)
4. nucleotides
29.carbohydrates: are the primary source of energy and are responsible
for pro- viding energy as they can be easily converted to glucose. it is
the oxidation of carbohydrates that provides the cells with most of
their energy.
Glucose can be further broken down by respiration or fermentation by
glycolysis. They are involved in the metabolic energy cycles of
photosynthesis and respiration. Carbohydrates are made of carbon,
hyrdrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates are broken down into sugars or glucose.
The simple sugars can be grouped into monosaccharides and
disaccharides.
30.Monosaccharides: Single sugar
molecules glucose, fructose, galactose
