TheSystematic DISCUSSION Of TRANSFORMATIO Of ENGLaY And The
ACCOMPANYING CHANGES IN THE STATES/PROPERTIES OF
MATTER IS CALLED THERMODYNAMICS .
Example : Boller
THERMODYNAMICS :
How muchAs at The Do I NEED
·
WHAT IS The EFFICIENCY Of THIS BOILER
HEAT TRANSFER:
·
HOW BIG DOES THE BOILEL NEED TO BE
-
w
·
:
WATER FLOWNG THROUGH PIPE
THERMO DYNAMIC PROPERTIES
EXTENSIVE INTENSIVC
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
· DEPENDS On THE AMOUNT OF · INDEPENDANT Of The SIZE
SUBSTANCE CL SIZE IN THE SAMPLE at extent of a system
,
Eg. Mass (m) ,
voure (V) MAY VARY FROM PLACE TO PLACE
Eg p = M/
S
.
TEMP T
SUBSTANCE :
The Material Performing The E Transformation ,
ESPECIALLY INCLUDES WALKING FLUID
WORKING FCCD :
THE SYSTEM STUDIED IN THERMO OFTEN INVOLVES LIQUID ,
VAPOUR AL GAS WHICH ARE KOWN AS WORKING FLUID .
Important We : WATGile STEAM e IDEAL GASSES .
,PURE SUBSTANCE :
HAS A FIXED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION THROUGHOUT IS
CALLED PS
F
-
= C -
P + z
C Y T
Number OF Phases
Number Of components
INDEPENDANT VARIABLES dr DEGREES Of Freedom
For SUGLE component And Since ASE It BECOMES
F= 1 -
1 + 2 = 2
THUS OLY 2 VARABLES ARE NEEDED TO SPECIFY
THE SYSTEM .
EX .
-Pri0z CO2 F= c - P + z
.:: ,
2 1+2
=
-
]
:
=
·
-
COAL
Process :
When PROPERTIES CHANGE
Any of The The STATE
,
CHANGES O THE SYSTEM IS SAID TO HAVE UNDERGONE
A PROCESS
A PATH IS A sellES Of INTERMEDNATE STATES .
8
, X
CYCLIC PROCESS : A LINKED SERIES
OF PROCESSES RETURNING TO THE
ORIGINAL STATE .
>
~
Equilibrium :
A system is in equilibrium if there is not only absence of change, but also the
absence of tendency toward change on a macroscopic scale
Thermodynamic equilibrium
Thermal equilibrium: Temperature is same through out the system
Mechanical equilibrium: Pressure is same through out the system
Chemical equilibrium: Chemical composition does not change with time
Phase equilibrium: Mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays there
Vapour
-
..... i H2 + 102 = H 0
,
-
=
C
au -
ACCOMPANYING CHANGES IN THE STATES/PROPERTIES OF
MATTER IS CALLED THERMODYNAMICS .
Example : Boller
THERMODYNAMICS :
How muchAs at The Do I NEED
·
WHAT IS The EFFICIENCY Of THIS BOILER
HEAT TRANSFER:
·
HOW BIG DOES THE BOILEL NEED TO BE
-
w
·
:
WATER FLOWNG THROUGH PIPE
THERMO DYNAMIC PROPERTIES
EXTENSIVE INTENSIVC
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
· DEPENDS On THE AMOUNT OF · INDEPENDANT Of The SIZE
SUBSTANCE CL SIZE IN THE SAMPLE at extent of a system
,
Eg. Mass (m) ,
voure (V) MAY VARY FROM PLACE TO PLACE
Eg p = M/
S
.
TEMP T
SUBSTANCE :
The Material Performing The E Transformation ,
ESPECIALLY INCLUDES WALKING FLUID
WORKING FCCD :
THE SYSTEM STUDIED IN THERMO OFTEN INVOLVES LIQUID ,
VAPOUR AL GAS WHICH ARE KOWN AS WORKING FLUID .
Important We : WATGile STEAM e IDEAL GASSES .
,PURE SUBSTANCE :
HAS A FIXED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION THROUGHOUT IS
CALLED PS
F
-
= C -
P + z
C Y T
Number OF Phases
Number Of components
INDEPENDANT VARIABLES dr DEGREES Of Freedom
For SUGLE component And Since ASE It BECOMES
F= 1 -
1 + 2 = 2
THUS OLY 2 VARABLES ARE NEEDED TO SPECIFY
THE SYSTEM .
EX .
-Pri0z CO2 F= c - P + z
.:: ,
2 1+2
=
-
]
:
=
·
-
COAL
Process :
When PROPERTIES CHANGE
Any of The The STATE
,
CHANGES O THE SYSTEM IS SAID TO HAVE UNDERGONE
A PROCESS
A PATH IS A sellES Of INTERMEDNATE STATES .
8
, X
CYCLIC PROCESS : A LINKED SERIES
OF PROCESSES RETURNING TO THE
ORIGINAL STATE .
>
~
Equilibrium :
A system is in equilibrium if there is not only absence of change, but also the
absence of tendency toward change on a macroscopic scale
Thermodynamic equilibrium
Thermal equilibrium: Temperature is same through out the system
Mechanical equilibrium: Pressure is same through out the system
Chemical equilibrium: Chemical composition does not change with time
Phase equilibrium: Mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays there
Vapour
-
..... i H2 + 102 = H 0
,
-
=
C
au -
