Chukus Über-Samenvatting
UK History
From the earliest days to 1066
- 500.000 years BC - human bones found
- Stone age (palaeothic) nomads, stone tools
- 8300 BC - middle stone age (mesolithic), advancements in stone carving
- 4000 BC - new stone age (neolithic) agricultural settlements and monumental
construction → stonehenge, avebury: oldest settlement
- Skara Brae: stone-built neolithic settlement, Orkney archipelago in Scotland,
primitive sewer system, Scottish Pompeii, older than stonehenge
- builders of stonehenge: illiterate so little knowledge, strong collaboration
between clans → prosperous society and strong leaders
Entire period up to the romans = Tribal Britain
- Bronze Age 2000 BC-700 BC: more complex society and trade
- Iron Age civilization 600 BC: celtic tribes, Gaul from France and Belgium →
major influence and settled all over
- 200 BC: Belgic Tribes arrived, centering in Venta Belgarum (Winchester)
- Prydein: celts of Britain, people: Britons
- successive waves of immigration
Roman invasion and settlement 43-410 AD
- 43 AD roman conquest with emperor Claudius → roman period
- infrastructure: extensive roads, forts and Hadrian’s wall (between Scotland and
England) to secure territory → also unifies since a common language is easier to
control
- cultural influence: latin as administrative language and Roman customs and laws
- traders, administrators and soldiers settled in Britain
- Boudicca: queen iceni tribe, uprising against occupying roman forces c. 60-61 AD
→ symbol of resistance against oppression, female role model, statue in London
- Romano-British culture → London and York flourished as centres of trade
- Christianity began to spread: Edict of Milan in 313 AD
- 409/410 AD: Roman authority weakened and legions withdrew leaving Britain
vulnerable → issues maintaining governance and attacks from celts/outside
Anglo-Saxon invasions 5th-6th century
- Angles, Saxons and Jutes (from Germany and Denmark) settled in Britain
- fought the native Britons, establishing their own kingdoms → Wessex, Mercia,
Northumbria
- emergence of Old English (Beowulf, The Ruin, The Battle of Maldon)
- hierarchical: kings, nobles (thanes), peasants (ceorls) and slaves → governance
through assemblies (moots) and laws were codified
- initially Pagan → gradually converted to Christianity (missionaries: St Augustine)
, - 6th/7th/8th ct: wave of Christianity
Viking invasions and settlements 8th-11th
- vikings from Scandinavia began raiding coastal areas in late 8th ct
- by 9th ct: Danelaw: large parts of eastern/northern England
- 793: raiders struck Lindisfarne monastery first
- 10th-11th ct: vikings settled and intermarried → integrate and influence with the
Anglo-Saxons
- Alfred the Great of Wessex resisted and unified much of England
- 878: defeated the vikings and converted their leader to Christianity
- fortresses and a decent army → and beginning the English Navy
- translated books, founded monasteries
- The Anglo-Saxon chronicle → historical record from roman period to 12th
ct
- insight in Anglo-Saxon society, linguistic significance, maintained and
updated
Power dynamics in the Anglo-Saxon period
- power shifted between kingdoms in the Heptarchy
- Witan: the kings council + The church held significant power
The Norman conquest 1066
- Death of edward the confessor 1066 → led to a succession crisis
- Battle of Hastings: William the conqueror defeats Harold Godwinson
- Middle English since Norman French (had become the language of the elite)
- Normans introduced the Feudal system, redistributing land to Norman nobles
- Norman legal practices (centralised administration) and Norman architecture (castles
and cathedrals)
- The Bayeux tapestry: depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest →
likely commissioned by William halfbrother (the bishop Odo of Bayeux)
- The Domesday Book 1085-1086 (commissioned by William)
- detailed survey of land and resources to assess wealth and assets to determine
taxes and feudal dues
- insights into economy, society and governance
After 1066 until Henry VIII
12th ct struggles → Henry II
- the anarchy (civil war) 1135-1153 → war of succession
- breakdown of central authority and rise of baronial power → fragmented power
led to lords and barons fighting each other
- resolved by the Treaty of Wallingford and the accession of Henry II → the first of
the House of Plantagenet
- establishment of common law and royal courts, constitution of Clarendon
(efforts to limit ecclesiastical power), Angevin Empire, use of latin and french
in administration
, - ALSO: English monarchy attempted to unite Ireland, Scotland and Wales to
protect from outside threats → fragile union (but still internal migration)
- Richard the Lionheart 1157-1199 and the Crusades → Richard's absence led to
challenges to the monarch's power and Anti-Jewish violence
- John Lackland lost french territories (collapse angevin empire) and taxated heavily
→ First Barons war 1215-1217 → The Magna Carta 1215
- Magna Carta: limit the powers of the king and establish legal protection
for all free men, making the king a subject to the law → cornerstone of
modern legal systems
The Plantagenets and the Hundred Years War 1337-1453
- movements of soldiers and mercenaries, rise of parliamentary power and decline of
feudalism
- growth of English as a literary and administrative power
- The black death 1348-1350 → population loss, labour shortages and rise of
peasantry increased the use of English in daily life
The War of Roses 1455-1487 (York vs Lancaster)
- rooted in complex feudal system, economic troubles after the 100 years war and
Henry VIs mental instability
- Lancaster: red rose, York: white rose
- 1455: First Battle of St Albans → yorkist victory and the capture of henry VI
- 1485: Battle of Bosworth field→ Henry VII (tudor) killed Richard III (his uncle)
- establishment of the Tudor Dynasty
The Tudor period
- 1485: Henry VII becomes the first Tudor king
- marries elizabeth of york: uniting lancaster and york
- 1509: Henry VIII after his father died
- 1534: Act of Supremacy/break roman catholic church
- 1539: six articles: Henry's conservative views reaffirmed
- 1534: rebellion of Silken Thomas
- policy of surrender and regrant
- 1535-1542 Laws in Wales act
- 1547: Edward VI → further Protestant reforms
- 1553: Mary I → Bloody mary, restoring Roman Catholicism
- 1558: Elizabeth I → Elizabethan era of flourishing English culture and defeat of
the Spanish Armada in 1588
- 1559-1563: Elizabethan religious settlement
- beginning British Empire → charter to East India Company
- golden age of English drama
- 1603: Elizabeth dies, no heir, end of the dynasty → succeeded by James I of
England (James VI of Scotland)
UK History
From the earliest days to 1066
- 500.000 years BC - human bones found
- Stone age (palaeothic) nomads, stone tools
- 8300 BC - middle stone age (mesolithic), advancements in stone carving
- 4000 BC - new stone age (neolithic) agricultural settlements and monumental
construction → stonehenge, avebury: oldest settlement
- Skara Brae: stone-built neolithic settlement, Orkney archipelago in Scotland,
primitive sewer system, Scottish Pompeii, older than stonehenge
- builders of stonehenge: illiterate so little knowledge, strong collaboration
between clans → prosperous society and strong leaders
Entire period up to the romans = Tribal Britain
- Bronze Age 2000 BC-700 BC: more complex society and trade
- Iron Age civilization 600 BC: celtic tribes, Gaul from France and Belgium →
major influence and settled all over
- 200 BC: Belgic Tribes arrived, centering in Venta Belgarum (Winchester)
- Prydein: celts of Britain, people: Britons
- successive waves of immigration
Roman invasion and settlement 43-410 AD
- 43 AD roman conquest with emperor Claudius → roman period
- infrastructure: extensive roads, forts and Hadrian’s wall (between Scotland and
England) to secure territory → also unifies since a common language is easier to
control
- cultural influence: latin as administrative language and Roman customs and laws
- traders, administrators and soldiers settled in Britain
- Boudicca: queen iceni tribe, uprising against occupying roman forces c. 60-61 AD
→ symbol of resistance against oppression, female role model, statue in London
- Romano-British culture → London and York flourished as centres of trade
- Christianity began to spread: Edict of Milan in 313 AD
- 409/410 AD: Roman authority weakened and legions withdrew leaving Britain
vulnerable → issues maintaining governance and attacks from celts/outside
Anglo-Saxon invasions 5th-6th century
- Angles, Saxons and Jutes (from Germany and Denmark) settled in Britain
- fought the native Britons, establishing their own kingdoms → Wessex, Mercia,
Northumbria
- emergence of Old English (Beowulf, The Ruin, The Battle of Maldon)
- hierarchical: kings, nobles (thanes), peasants (ceorls) and slaves → governance
through assemblies (moots) and laws were codified
- initially Pagan → gradually converted to Christianity (missionaries: St Augustine)
, - 6th/7th/8th ct: wave of Christianity
Viking invasions and settlements 8th-11th
- vikings from Scandinavia began raiding coastal areas in late 8th ct
- by 9th ct: Danelaw: large parts of eastern/northern England
- 793: raiders struck Lindisfarne monastery first
- 10th-11th ct: vikings settled and intermarried → integrate and influence with the
Anglo-Saxons
- Alfred the Great of Wessex resisted and unified much of England
- 878: defeated the vikings and converted their leader to Christianity
- fortresses and a decent army → and beginning the English Navy
- translated books, founded monasteries
- The Anglo-Saxon chronicle → historical record from roman period to 12th
ct
- insight in Anglo-Saxon society, linguistic significance, maintained and
updated
Power dynamics in the Anglo-Saxon period
- power shifted between kingdoms in the Heptarchy
- Witan: the kings council + The church held significant power
The Norman conquest 1066
- Death of edward the confessor 1066 → led to a succession crisis
- Battle of Hastings: William the conqueror defeats Harold Godwinson
- Middle English since Norman French (had become the language of the elite)
- Normans introduced the Feudal system, redistributing land to Norman nobles
- Norman legal practices (centralised administration) and Norman architecture (castles
and cathedrals)
- The Bayeux tapestry: depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest →
likely commissioned by William halfbrother (the bishop Odo of Bayeux)
- The Domesday Book 1085-1086 (commissioned by William)
- detailed survey of land and resources to assess wealth and assets to determine
taxes and feudal dues
- insights into economy, society and governance
After 1066 until Henry VIII
12th ct struggles → Henry II
- the anarchy (civil war) 1135-1153 → war of succession
- breakdown of central authority and rise of baronial power → fragmented power
led to lords and barons fighting each other
- resolved by the Treaty of Wallingford and the accession of Henry II → the first of
the House of Plantagenet
- establishment of common law and royal courts, constitution of Clarendon
(efforts to limit ecclesiastical power), Angevin Empire, use of latin and french
in administration
, - ALSO: English monarchy attempted to unite Ireland, Scotland and Wales to
protect from outside threats → fragile union (but still internal migration)
- Richard the Lionheart 1157-1199 and the Crusades → Richard's absence led to
challenges to the monarch's power and Anti-Jewish violence
- John Lackland lost french territories (collapse angevin empire) and taxated heavily
→ First Barons war 1215-1217 → The Magna Carta 1215
- Magna Carta: limit the powers of the king and establish legal protection
for all free men, making the king a subject to the law → cornerstone of
modern legal systems
The Plantagenets and the Hundred Years War 1337-1453
- movements of soldiers and mercenaries, rise of parliamentary power and decline of
feudalism
- growth of English as a literary and administrative power
- The black death 1348-1350 → population loss, labour shortages and rise of
peasantry increased the use of English in daily life
The War of Roses 1455-1487 (York vs Lancaster)
- rooted in complex feudal system, economic troubles after the 100 years war and
Henry VIs mental instability
- Lancaster: red rose, York: white rose
- 1455: First Battle of St Albans → yorkist victory and the capture of henry VI
- 1485: Battle of Bosworth field→ Henry VII (tudor) killed Richard III (his uncle)
- establishment of the Tudor Dynasty
The Tudor period
- 1485: Henry VII becomes the first Tudor king
- marries elizabeth of york: uniting lancaster and york
- 1509: Henry VIII after his father died
- 1534: Act of Supremacy/break roman catholic church
- 1539: six articles: Henry's conservative views reaffirmed
- 1534: rebellion of Silken Thomas
- policy of surrender and regrant
- 1535-1542 Laws in Wales act
- 1547: Edward VI → further Protestant reforms
- 1553: Mary I → Bloody mary, restoring Roman Catholicism
- 1558: Elizabeth I → Elizabethan era of flourishing English culture and defeat of
the Spanish Armada in 1588
- 1559-1563: Elizabethan religious settlement
- beginning British Empire → charter to East India Company
- golden age of English drama
- 1603: Elizabeth dies, no heir, end of the dynasty → succeeded by James I of
England (James VI of Scotland)
