Biology 30: The Organization of Life Exam Questions And Answers Graded A+!!!

8 Characteristics of living things: - ANS -Cellular Organization -Reproduction -Metabolism -Homeostasis -Hereditary -Response to stimuli -Growth and development -Adaptation through development Not all living things have... (example) - ANS All the characteristics of life. (Some humans cannot reproduce) spontaneous generation (example). Who came up with the idea? - ANS Living organisms can come from non-living things. (Ex: decaying meat results in maggots) Aristotle came up with it. Francesco Redi - ANS Proved Aristotle's idea wrong. Decided maggots come from flies. Louis Pasteur - ANS Opposed spontaneous generation, believed microorganisms come from spores. Tested his hypothesis through the use of an infusion of nutrients in a swan neck flask. Margulis - ANS Some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts in modern cells originated as bacteria. Theory of Biogenesis - ANS All organisms are produced from other organisms, living things come from living things. Theory fits with the idea of cell being most basic unit of structure and function, and all cells are reproduced from other cells. (Miller, Urey) Abiogenesis (Miller and Urey) What did their experiment result in? - ANS Experiment was one of the first to prove it was possible to generate organic compounds from inorganic sources. Experiment resulted in 20 different amino acids Endosymbiosis - ANS Type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives inside another to mutually benefit both organisms. 3 Parts of the cell theory: - ANS 1. All living things are made up of cells-most basic unit of life-smallest part but most capable of all life. 2. Cells are the most basic unit of life. 3. All cells come from other cells. Unicellular Multicellular - ANS Uni: Made up of one cell. Mulit: Composed of many cells that may organize into tissues-organs-organ systems. Prokaryotic cells - ANS Have no nucleus No membrane Division: Binary Fission Unicellular Walls are peptidoglycan Ex: Bacteria Eukaryotic cells - ANS Have a nucleus Have a membrane Division: mitosis Can be uni or multicellular Cell walls only found in fungi, and plants made of chitin, cellulose. Ex: Animals, plants, fungi Cell Wall and its function Bacteria vs algae vs fungi - ANS Protective, semi-permeable outer layer of certain organisms/acts as pressure vessel to stop cell from over expanding. Gives cell strength and structure, filters molecules that pass in and out of the cell. Bacteria: Peptidoglycan vs Algae: glycoproteins/polysaccharides vs Fungi: Chitin Cell Membrane- Function - ANS Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell Phospholipid Bi-layer - ANS 2 layers of phospholipids that go tail to tail with head on the outside. Keeps ions, proteins, and molecules where they are needed. Proteins act as a pump. Passive Transport - ANS Simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, high-low. Active Transport - ANS Uses energy, endocytosis, exocytosis, requires ATP, low-high. Osmosis - ANS Movement of water along the cell membrane, allows water through. Gram positive/negative - ANS Positive: Thick wall, many layers. Negative: Thin wall, few layers Exocytosis - ANS Cell transports molecules outside of the cell. Endocytosis - ANS When a living cell takes in matter. Photosynthesis- function, chemical equation, where it occurs. - ANS Building glucose using light 6CO2+H2O-C6H12O6+6CO2 Occurs in chloroplasts. Stroma - ANS Aqueous substance surrounding thylakoids containing enzymes for dark reaction. Thylakoids - ANS Structure containing chlorophyll pigments and enzymes for light reaction. Granna - ANS A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast What is the purpose of the light dependent reaction? - ANS Uses energy from sun to split water and make energy, takes place in chloroplast. Light Dependent Reaction Steps - ANS Photon hits electron in PSII, splits water, O2 leaves while H+ surrounds, electron passed on through electron transport chain to cytochrome complex opening up to let in H+ ions, gets back on electron transport chain to PSI where a photon hits electron charging it to make NADP+H=NADPH, leftover hydrogen ion flow through ATP synthase to create ADP+P=ATP. Light Independent Reaction steps. (Calvin Cycle) - ANS 1. Fixation: 3CO2 react with RuBP to make 6x3 PGA 2. Reduction: 6x3 PGA use 6xATP and 6xNADPH=6xG3P 3. Regeneration: 1xG3P=sugar+starch, 5xG3P use 3 ATP=3RuBP