MSN 570 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Midterm Exam Review –
Key Concepts and Practice Questions
This review guide covers essential topics from the MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology
midterm exam. It includes a comprehensive set of questions and answers on cell injury,
inflammation, genetic mutations, cardiovascular and respiratory physiology, neurological
disorders, and immune responses. Designed to support effective exam preparation, this
resource emphasizes clinically relevant knowledge and critical thinking.
1. respiratory zone: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
2. What does the Respiratory Zone do?: Allow inhaled oxygen to diffuse into
the lung capillaries in exchange for CO2
3. Conducting Zone: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
4. What does conducting zone do?: conducts air to respiratory zone,
humidifies, warms, and filters air
5. Most common cancer mutation?: Acquired
6. What does anticholinergic mean?: blockade of muscarinic receptors - This
inhibits nerve impulses responsible for involuntary muscle movements and
various bodily functions
7. What does dopamine do?: influences movement, learning, attention, and
emotion. Dopamine enables neurons in your brain to communicate and control
movement.
1/5
, 8. What does messenger RNA do?: Transcribes information from the DNA in
the nucleus and carries it to the cytoplasm, and then to the ribosome. Single-
stranded, intermediate molecule. Carries the instructions for making proteins.
9. What do ribosomes do?: Make proteins (protein synthesis)
10. Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps
between neurons
11. Neurotransmitters at the parasympathetic postganglionic synapses:
Acetylcholine and nitric oxide
12. Atropine Neurotransmitters: Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist
that is used to inhibit the effects of excessive vagal activation on the heart,
which is manifested as sinus bradycardia and AV nodal block. Therefore,
atropine can temporarily revert sinus bradycardia to normal sinus rhythm and
reverse AV nodal blocks by removing vagal influences.
13. alpha adreneric receptors:
14. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers: -Blocks NE/Epi effects on heart - less
Ca++ entry
-Decreases force of cardiac contractions
15. What do anticholinergics do?: Decrease the activity of acetylcholine
(neurotransmitter that regulates movement)
16. Atropine: muscarinic antagonist (anticholinergic)
17. beta-adrenergic receptors: Portions of the nervous system that, when
stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an
increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation.
18. alpha-adrenergic receptors: Portions of the nervous system that, when
stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.
2/5
Key Concepts and Practice Questions
This review guide covers essential topics from the MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology
midterm exam. It includes a comprehensive set of questions and answers on cell injury,
inflammation, genetic mutations, cardiovascular and respiratory physiology, neurological
disorders, and immune responses. Designed to support effective exam preparation, this
resource emphasizes clinically relevant knowledge and critical thinking.
1. respiratory zone: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
2. What does the Respiratory Zone do?: Allow inhaled oxygen to diffuse into
the lung capillaries in exchange for CO2
3. Conducting Zone: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
4. What does conducting zone do?: conducts air to respiratory zone,
humidifies, warms, and filters air
5. Most common cancer mutation?: Acquired
6. What does anticholinergic mean?: blockade of muscarinic receptors - This
inhibits nerve impulses responsible for involuntary muscle movements and
various bodily functions
7. What does dopamine do?: influences movement, learning, attention, and
emotion. Dopamine enables neurons in your brain to communicate and control
movement.
1/5
, 8. What does messenger RNA do?: Transcribes information from the DNA in
the nucleus and carries it to the cytoplasm, and then to the ribosome. Single-
stranded, intermediate molecule. Carries the instructions for making proteins.
9. What do ribosomes do?: Make proteins (protein synthesis)
10. Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps
between neurons
11. Neurotransmitters at the parasympathetic postganglionic synapses:
Acetylcholine and nitric oxide
12. Atropine Neurotransmitters: Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist
that is used to inhibit the effects of excessive vagal activation on the heart,
which is manifested as sinus bradycardia and AV nodal block. Therefore,
atropine can temporarily revert sinus bradycardia to normal sinus rhythm and
reverse AV nodal blocks by removing vagal influences.
13. alpha adreneric receptors:
14. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers: -Blocks NE/Epi effects on heart - less
Ca++ entry
-Decreases force of cardiac contractions
15. What do anticholinergics do?: Decrease the activity of acetylcholine
(neurotransmitter that regulates movement)
16. Atropine: muscarinic antagonist (anticholinergic)
17. beta-adrenergic receptors: Portions of the nervous system that, when
stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an
increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation.
18. alpha-adrenergic receptors: Portions of the nervous system that, when
stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.
2/5
