MDC 2 EXAM 1
1. Benign cells: Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
2. Benign Cell Features: o Harmless o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growingo Tight Adherence o
Specific morphology o Small nuclear-to-
cytoplasmic ratio o Specific differentiated
functions
o Tight adherenceo Orderly growth o No
migration o Normal chromosomes
3. Benign cell looks similar to a: healthy cell
4. Examples of Benign cells: o Skin Tag o Mole o Nasal Polyp o
Uterine Fibroids o Endometriosis
5. Malignant cells: indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in
death
6. Malignant cell features: o Large nucleus o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell divisiono Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
7. Seven warning signs of cancer: o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns o A-A sore that doesn't heal o U-Unusual
bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing o O-Obvious change
in wart or mole o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
8. Cancer development stages of malignancy: o Initiation o Promotion o Progression o Metastasis
9. Initiation (Stage of malignancy): Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
10. Promotion: Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
11. Progression: Increase in production of malignant cells
12. Metastasis: Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
13. Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis: cancer development
14. Cancer classification: o Grading o Ploidy o Staging
o TNM
, MDC 2 EXAM 1
o Doubling time and mitotic index
15. Grading: Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells o Ex. 1= No
mutation o 4= Severe mutation
16. Ploidy: Number of chromosomes
17. Staging: How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
18. TNM: o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd) o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell) o M-Metastasis
(0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
19. Doubling time and mitotic index: Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer
grows) o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
20. Cancer prevention primary: o Sunscreen o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemopreventiono Vaccine (HPV)
21. Cancer prevention secondary: o Mammogram o Pap smear o Prostate test
22. Cancer prevention tertiary: People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples
below)
o Chemo
o Radiationo Surgery, etc.
23. Types of cancers: carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
24. Carcinoma: malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
25. Sarcoma: malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
26. Melanoma: pigment producing skin cancer
27. Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
28. Leukemia: white blood cell tumor
29. Blastoma: malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
30. Lab Diagnostic Tests: o CBC
o Blood protein testing o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
, MDC 2 EXAM 1
31. Imaging Diagnostic Tests: o CT Scans o MRI o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
32. Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests: o Bronchoscopy o Colonoscopy o
Cystoscopy o Laparoscopy o Laryngoscopy o Mediastinoscopy o
Thoracoscopy o Upper Endoscopy
33. Biopsy Diagnostic Tests: o Breast biopsy o Bone marrow biopsy o
Organ/tissue specific
34. Risk factors: o Older age.
o A personal or family history of cancer.o Using tobacco. o Obesity. o Alcohol. o Some types of viral infections(HPV) o
Specific chemicals. o Exposure to radiation, including ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
o Alcohol
35. Types of therapy: surgery,
radiation,
chemotherapy, radiation therapy,
immune therapy, photodynamic
therapy hormonal therapy
36. Surgery: cells can escape during surgery sometimes, causing clients to have to deal with an altered appearance
37. Radiation: Destroy cancer cells with minimal damaging effects of surrounding normal cells; maintain safe environment
38. Chemotherapy: Treatment of cancer with chemical agents. Used to cure and increase survival time.
39. Adjuvant therapy: = Chemotherapy + surgery or radiation. Cytotoxic effects exerted on healthy cells and cancer cells
40. Immunotherapy (biological response modifiers and targeted therapy): -
-Modify patient's biologic responses to tumor cells. Can have direct antitumor activity.
- Can interfere with cancer cell differentiation, transformation, metastasis.
-Can improve immune function
41. Monoclonal antibodies(immunotherapy): Bind to target antigens (often specific cell surface membrane proteins)
Prevents protein from functioning,
- prevents cell division. E.g- Rituximab (Rituxan)
42. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors(immunotherapy): Inhibits activation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors- disrupt growth and cellular
regulation of some types of cancer cells
1. Benign cells: Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
2. Benign Cell Features: o Harmless o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growingo Tight Adherence o
Specific morphology o Small nuclear-to-
cytoplasmic ratio o Specific differentiated
functions
o Tight adherenceo Orderly growth o No
migration o Normal chromosomes
3. Benign cell looks similar to a: healthy cell
4. Examples of Benign cells: o Skin Tag o Mole o Nasal Polyp o
Uterine Fibroids o Endometriosis
5. Malignant cells: indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in
death
6. Malignant cell features: o Large nucleus o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell divisiono Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
7. Seven warning signs of cancer: o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns o A-A sore that doesn't heal o U-Unusual
bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing o O-Obvious change
in wart or mole o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
8. Cancer development stages of malignancy: o Initiation o Promotion o Progression o Metastasis
9. Initiation (Stage of malignancy): Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
10. Promotion: Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
11. Progression: Increase in production of malignant cells
12. Metastasis: Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
13. Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis: cancer development
14. Cancer classification: o Grading o Ploidy o Staging
o TNM
, MDC 2 EXAM 1
o Doubling time and mitotic index
15. Grading: Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells o Ex. 1= No
mutation o 4= Severe mutation
16. Ploidy: Number of chromosomes
17. Staging: How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
18. TNM: o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd) o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell) o M-Metastasis
(0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
19. Doubling time and mitotic index: Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer
grows) o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
20. Cancer prevention primary: o Sunscreen o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemopreventiono Vaccine (HPV)
21. Cancer prevention secondary: o Mammogram o Pap smear o Prostate test
22. Cancer prevention tertiary: People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples
below)
o Chemo
o Radiationo Surgery, etc.
23. Types of cancers: carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
24. Carcinoma: malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
25. Sarcoma: malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
26. Melanoma: pigment producing skin cancer
27. Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
28. Leukemia: white blood cell tumor
29. Blastoma: malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
30. Lab Diagnostic Tests: o CBC
o Blood protein testing o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
, MDC 2 EXAM 1
31. Imaging Diagnostic Tests: o CT Scans o MRI o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
32. Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests: o Bronchoscopy o Colonoscopy o
Cystoscopy o Laparoscopy o Laryngoscopy o Mediastinoscopy o
Thoracoscopy o Upper Endoscopy
33. Biopsy Diagnostic Tests: o Breast biopsy o Bone marrow biopsy o
Organ/tissue specific
34. Risk factors: o Older age.
o A personal or family history of cancer.o Using tobacco. o Obesity. o Alcohol. o Some types of viral infections(HPV) o
Specific chemicals. o Exposure to radiation, including ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
o Alcohol
35. Types of therapy: surgery,
radiation,
chemotherapy, radiation therapy,
immune therapy, photodynamic
therapy hormonal therapy
36. Surgery: cells can escape during surgery sometimes, causing clients to have to deal with an altered appearance
37. Radiation: Destroy cancer cells with minimal damaging effects of surrounding normal cells; maintain safe environment
38. Chemotherapy: Treatment of cancer with chemical agents. Used to cure and increase survival time.
39. Adjuvant therapy: = Chemotherapy + surgery or radiation. Cytotoxic effects exerted on healthy cells and cancer cells
40. Immunotherapy (biological response modifiers and targeted therapy): -
-Modify patient's biologic responses to tumor cells. Can have direct antitumor activity.
- Can interfere with cancer cell differentiation, transformation, metastasis.
-Can improve immune function
41. Monoclonal antibodies(immunotherapy): Bind to target antigens (often specific cell surface membrane proteins)
Prevents protein from functioning,
- prevents cell division. E.g- Rituximab (Rituxan)
42. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors(immunotherapy): Inhibits activation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors- disrupt growth and cellular
regulation of some types of cancer cells
