CMY3706 - Chapter 1 to 4
Kidnapping is a diverse and evolving phenomenon that is especially prevalent in - (correct Answer) -
Third World countries with high levels of crime.
>>> These countries are generally poorly resourced and have inadequately trained police personnel,
corrupt public officials, ineffective intelligence services, a weak judiciary and a history of political or
social instability and conflict
Noor-Mohammed (2014 in Van Heerden, 2017) is of the opinion that when career kidnapping for ransom
incidents occurs - (correct Answer) - various definitional issues can cause challenges for the criminal
justice system, resulting in confusion, since kidnapping incidences can span multiple jurisdictions
In American law, kidnapping is defined as - (correct Answer) - "the taking of a person against his/her will,
or decision through violence, force, threat or intimidation".
British law defines kidnapping as - (correct Answer) - "the nature of the offence is an attack on, and
infringement of, the personal liberty of an individual"
British law contains four criteria - (correct Answer) - • the taking away or carrying away of one person by
another
• by force or by fraud
• without the consent of the person so taken or carried away
• without lawful excuse
South African common law defines kidnapping as follows: - (correct Answer) - "it consists in unlawfully
and intentionally depriving a person of his or her freedom of movement and/or, if such a person is a
child, the custodians of their control over the child"
kidnapping can include a broad range of actions that can be associated with other criminal acts, such as -
(correct Answer) - hijacking or robbery
Kidnapping for ransom is associated with instances where - (correct Answer) - the offender seeks money
or a specific action as an outcome, such as debt recovery, propaganda, revenge or sexual purposes
Phillips (in Van Heerden, 2017) defines kidnapping for ransom as - (correct Answer) - the "taking and
holding of a person in an unknown location for the intention of seeking some form of concession,
regardless of whether a monetary, political, social (ransom) demand is sought after"
Aspects that are of importance from the definitions of kidnapping are - (correct Answer) - the
deprivation of a person's freedom for a certain unknown period until some sort of compensation is
agreed upon between the perpetrators and the victim's family, after which the kidnapped hostage will
be released.
,American law defines extortion as - (correct Answer) - a crime obtaining money or property by threat to
a victim's property or loved ones, intimidation or false claim of a right.
In British law, extortion is defined as - (correct Answer) - the practice of obtaining something, especially
money, through force or threats.
South African law defines extortion as being when - (correct Answer) - a person unlawfully and
intentionally obtains some advantage, which may be of either a patrimonial or a
non-patrimonial nature, from another by subjecting the latter to pressure which induces him/her to
hand over the advantage.
According to Mastrosimone (in Van Heerden, 2017), patrimonial damage relates to - (correct Answer) -
financial loss or "something that can be converted into or expressed in terms of money or economic
value".
Non patrimonial damage - (correct Answer) - when an intentional or negligent act causes personal injury
or "as something that cannot be related to a person's financial estate, but compensation for something
like pain and suffering".
According to Snyman (in Van Heerden, 2017), in South African law abduction is defined as - (correct
Answer) - "a person, male or female, commits abduction if he or she unlawfully and intentionally
removes an unmarried minor, who may likewise be either male or female, from the control of his or her
parents or guardian and without the consent of such parents or guardian, intending that he or she or
somebody else may marry or have sexual intercourse with the minor".
Abductions thus focus on a specific group of victims - (correct Answer) - namely minors
abduction is generally associated with - (correct Answer) - specific types of kidnapping, namely bride
kidnapping or in crimes where paedophiles are involved.
The modus operandi and motive for kidnapping are to - (correct Answer) - forcefully remove an adult or
minor, denying them liberty in return for a certain type of ransom.
to secure the release of the abduction victim - (correct Answer) - specialised intervention is required to
mitigate the threat to life and physical harm.
>>> Such intervention normally consists of the activation of trained negotiators, investigators and tactical
resolution agencies.
There is no system or database in place or available in SA to distinguish between - (correct Answer) - the
different types of kidnappings and to accurately capture reliable statistics per kidnapping type.
Currently, no distinction is made between the different types of kidnappings, resulting in - (correct
Answer) - all incidents being generically reflected in the annual crime statistics under the Crime
Administration System (CAS) crime code: 52205 as "man-stealing" (kidnapping).
The reason for doubting the accuracy of the statistics can firstly be ascribed to - (correct Answer) - lack of
confidence in the SAPS and the judicial system of SA, resulting in an under-reporting of cases.
Information available globally on the true extent of kidnappings is limited due to - (correct Answer) - a
, lack of an international legislative framework to prosecute transnational perpetrators.
Heard (in Van Heerden, 2017) estimates that about ______ of global kidnapping crimes go unreported. -
(correct Answer) - 80 per cent
Lechner (in Van Heerden, 2017) concurs and estimates that only ______ of all kidnappings in the world
are reported. - (correct Answer) - 10 per cent
interventions by private firms could also be a reason for - (correct Answer) - inaccurate kidnapping
statistics in SA.
Perpetrators involved in kidnappings are divided into two broad categories, based on the motivation for
kidnappings, namely - (correct Answer) - financial and ideological.
Financial motivation is driven by - (correct Answer) - some sort of monetary reward or financial gain and
usually involves criminal gangs or syndicates.
Ideological motivation is based on - (correct Answer) - a social, political or religious agenda and usually
involves rebels, extremists and political militants.
Van Zandt (in Van Heerden, 2017), identified the following three categories: - (correct Answer) - -
Opportunistic or novice criminals
- Religiously or politically motivated individuals and mentally deranged criminals
- Professional criminals
cultural
dimension that is evident in some kidnappings. - (correct Answer) - associated with certain cultures all
over the world, where the practice of abducting females to become brides is practised.
The perpetrators responsible for the crime of kidnapping are categorised into three main types - (correct
Answer) - - Organised criminal groups
- Common criminal groups
- Radical groups
Kidnappings are not restricted to - (correct Answer) - class or race
>>> can happen to the highest and the lowest in society
Kidnappings are motivated by - (correct Answer) - lust, greed, revenge as well as political and even
religious conviction.
Zannoni (in Van Heerden, 2017) agrees that the immediate family and friends of kidnapping victims are
subjected to - (correct Answer) - high levels of trauma, even if it is for a short period of time.
Recommendations by Van Heerden for the effective management of kidnapping incidents could
contribute to - (correct Answer) - ensuring an effective response to incidents, which will be to the
advantage of kidnapping victims.
Kidnapping is a diverse and evolving phenomenon that is especially prevalent in - (correct Answer) -
Third World countries with high levels of crime.
>>> These countries are generally poorly resourced and have inadequately trained police personnel,
corrupt public officials, ineffective intelligence services, a weak judiciary and a history of political or
social instability and conflict
Noor-Mohammed (2014 in Van Heerden, 2017) is of the opinion that when career kidnapping for ransom
incidents occurs - (correct Answer) - various definitional issues can cause challenges for the criminal
justice system, resulting in confusion, since kidnapping incidences can span multiple jurisdictions
In American law, kidnapping is defined as - (correct Answer) - "the taking of a person against his/her will,
or decision through violence, force, threat or intimidation".
British law defines kidnapping as - (correct Answer) - "the nature of the offence is an attack on, and
infringement of, the personal liberty of an individual"
British law contains four criteria - (correct Answer) - • the taking away or carrying away of one person by
another
• by force or by fraud
• without the consent of the person so taken or carried away
• without lawful excuse
South African common law defines kidnapping as follows: - (correct Answer) - "it consists in unlawfully
and intentionally depriving a person of his or her freedom of movement and/or, if such a person is a
child, the custodians of their control over the child"
kidnapping can include a broad range of actions that can be associated with other criminal acts, such as -
(correct Answer) - hijacking or robbery
Kidnapping for ransom is associated with instances where - (correct Answer) - the offender seeks money
or a specific action as an outcome, such as debt recovery, propaganda, revenge or sexual purposes
Phillips (in Van Heerden, 2017) defines kidnapping for ransom as - (correct Answer) - the "taking and
holding of a person in an unknown location for the intention of seeking some form of concession,
regardless of whether a monetary, political, social (ransom) demand is sought after"
Aspects that are of importance from the definitions of kidnapping are - (correct Answer) - the
deprivation of a person's freedom for a certain unknown period until some sort of compensation is
agreed upon between the perpetrators and the victim's family, after which the kidnapped hostage will
be released.
,American law defines extortion as - (correct Answer) - a crime obtaining money or property by threat to
a victim's property or loved ones, intimidation or false claim of a right.
In British law, extortion is defined as - (correct Answer) - the practice of obtaining something, especially
money, through force or threats.
South African law defines extortion as being when - (correct Answer) - a person unlawfully and
intentionally obtains some advantage, which may be of either a patrimonial or a
non-patrimonial nature, from another by subjecting the latter to pressure which induces him/her to
hand over the advantage.
According to Mastrosimone (in Van Heerden, 2017), patrimonial damage relates to - (correct Answer) -
financial loss or "something that can be converted into or expressed in terms of money or economic
value".
Non patrimonial damage - (correct Answer) - when an intentional or negligent act causes personal injury
or "as something that cannot be related to a person's financial estate, but compensation for something
like pain and suffering".
According to Snyman (in Van Heerden, 2017), in South African law abduction is defined as - (correct
Answer) - "a person, male or female, commits abduction if he or she unlawfully and intentionally
removes an unmarried minor, who may likewise be either male or female, from the control of his or her
parents or guardian and without the consent of such parents or guardian, intending that he or she or
somebody else may marry or have sexual intercourse with the minor".
Abductions thus focus on a specific group of victims - (correct Answer) - namely minors
abduction is generally associated with - (correct Answer) - specific types of kidnapping, namely bride
kidnapping or in crimes where paedophiles are involved.
The modus operandi and motive for kidnapping are to - (correct Answer) - forcefully remove an adult or
minor, denying them liberty in return for a certain type of ransom.
to secure the release of the abduction victim - (correct Answer) - specialised intervention is required to
mitigate the threat to life and physical harm.
>>> Such intervention normally consists of the activation of trained negotiators, investigators and tactical
resolution agencies.
There is no system or database in place or available in SA to distinguish between - (correct Answer) - the
different types of kidnappings and to accurately capture reliable statistics per kidnapping type.
Currently, no distinction is made between the different types of kidnappings, resulting in - (correct
Answer) - all incidents being generically reflected in the annual crime statistics under the Crime
Administration System (CAS) crime code: 52205 as "man-stealing" (kidnapping).
The reason for doubting the accuracy of the statistics can firstly be ascribed to - (correct Answer) - lack of
confidence in the SAPS and the judicial system of SA, resulting in an under-reporting of cases.
Information available globally on the true extent of kidnappings is limited due to - (correct Answer) - a
, lack of an international legislative framework to prosecute transnational perpetrators.
Heard (in Van Heerden, 2017) estimates that about ______ of global kidnapping crimes go unreported. -
(correct Answer) - 80 per cent
Lechner (in Van Heerden, 2017) concurs and estimates that only ______ of all kidnappings in the world
are reported. - (correct Answer) - 10 per cent
interventions by private firms could also be a reason for - (correct Answer) - inaccurate kidnapping
statistics in SA.
Perpetrators involved in kidnappings are divided into two broad categories, based on the motivation for
kidnappings, namely - (correct Answer) - financial and ideological.
Financial motivation is driven by - (correct Answer) - some sort of monetary reward or financial gain and
usually involves criminal gangs or syndicates.
Ideological motivation is based on - (correct Answer) - a social, political or religious agenda and usually
involves rebels, extremists and political militants.
Van Zandt (in Van Heerden, 2017), identified the following three categories: - (correct Answer) - -
Opportunistic or novice criminals
- Religiously or politically motivated individuals and mentally deranged criminals
- Professional criminals
cultural
dimension that is evident in some kidnappings. - (correct Answer) - associated with certain cultures all
over the world, where the practice of abducting females to become brides is practised.
The perpetrators responsible for the crime of kidnapping are categorised into three main types - (correct
Answer) - - Organised criminal groups
- Common criminal groups
- Radical groups
Kidnappings are not restricted to - (correct Answer) - class or race
>>> can happen to the highest and the lowest in society
Kidnappings are motivated by - (correct Answer) - lust, greed, revenge as well as political and even
religious conviction.
Zannoni (in Van Heerden, 2017) agrees that the immediate family and friends of kidnapping victims are
subjected to - (correct Answer) - high levels of trauma, even if it is for a short period of time.
Recommendations by Van Heerden for the effective management of kidnapping incidents could
contribute to - (correct Answer) - ensuring an effective response to incidents, which will be to the
advantage of kidnapping victims.
