HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM NEWEST
2025/2026 COMPLETE 150 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the
transmission of nercve impulses is the ratio between:
A) intracellular and extracellular Na+
B) intracellular and extracellular K+
C) instracellular Na+ and extracellular K+
D) intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+ - ANSWER-Ans: B- intracellular and
extracellular K+
In hyperkalemia what change occurs to the cells resting membrane potential?
A) hypopolarization
B) hyperexcitability
C) depolarization
D) repolarization - ANSWER-Ans: A- hypopolarization
Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because carbonic acid (H2CO3) and
bicarbonate (HCO3) exist in a ratio of:
A) 20:1
B) 1:20
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, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
C) 10:2
D) 10:5 - ANSWER-Ans: A- 20:1
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of:
A) losses or diminished production of plasma albumin
B) inflammation resulting from an immune response
C) blockage within the lymphatic channel system
D) sodium and water retention - ANSWER-Ans: C- blockage within the lymphatic
channel system
Hyopmethylation and the resulting effect on oncogenes result in:
A) a decrease in the activity fo the oncogene, thuse suppressing cancer
development
B) deactivation of MLH1 to halt deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair
C) an incrase in tumor progression from benign to malignant
D) overexpression of micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA), resulting in tumorigenesis -
ANSWER-Ans: C- an increase in tumor progression from benign to malignant
The functions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and CD1 molecules
are alike because both:
A) are antigen-presenting molecules
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, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
B) bind antigens to antibodies
C) secrete interleukins (ILs) during the immune process
D) are capable of activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes - ANSWER-Ans: A- are
antigen-presenting molecules
The B-cell receptor (BCR) complex functions uniquely by:
A) communicating information about the anitgen to the helper T (Th) cell
B) secreting chemical signals to help cells communicate
C) recognizing the anitgen on the surface of the B lymphocyte
D) communicating information about the antigen to the cell nucleus - ANSWER-
Ans: D- communicating information about the antigen to the cell nucleus
The generation of clonal diversity includes a process that:
A) involves antigens that selet lymphocytes with compatible receptors
B) allows the differentiation of cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells or mature
T cells
C) takes place in the primary (central) lymphoid organs
D) causes antigens to expand and diversify their population - ANSWER-Ans: C-
takes place in the primary (central) lymphoid organs
Vacinations are able to provide protection against certain microorganisms because
of the:
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, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
A) strong response from immunoglobulin M (IgM)
B) level of protection provided by immunoglobulin G (IgG)
C) memory cells for immunoglobulin E (IgE)
D) rapid response from immunoglobulin A (IgA) - ANSWER-Ans: B- level of
protection provided by immunoglobulin G (IgG)
What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions?
A) antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation,
followed by a discharge of preformed mediators
B) antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the
immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues
C) cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes or lymphokine-producting helper T 1 (Th1) cells
directly attack and destroy cellular targets
D) antibodies bind to the anitgens on the cell surface - ANSWER-Ans: D-
antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface
When soluble antigens from infectious agents enter circulation, tissue damage is a
result of:
A) complement-mediated cell lysis
B) phagocytosis by macrophages
C) phagocytosis in the spleen
4|Page
HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM NEWEST
2025/2026 COMPLETE 150 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the
transmission of nercve impulses is the ratio between:
A) intracellular and extracellular Na+
B) intracellular and extracellular K+
C) instracellular Na+ and extracellular K+
D) intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+ - ANSWER-Ans: B- intracellular and
extracellular K+
In hyperkalemia what change occurs to the cells resting membrane potential?
A) hypopolarization
B) hyperexcitability
C) depolarization
D) repolarization - ANSWER-Ans: A- hypopolarization
Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because carbonic acid (H2CO3) and
bicarbonate (HCO3) exist in a ratio of:
A) 20:1
B) 1:20
1|Page
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
C) 10:2
D) 10:5 - ANSWER-Ans: A- 20:1
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of:
A) losses or diminished production of plasma albumin
B) inflammation resulting from an immune response
C) blockage within the lymphatic channel system
D) sodium and water retention - ANSWER-Ans: C- blockage within the lymphatic
channel system
Hyopmethylation and the resulting effect on oncogenes result in:
A) a decrease in the activity fo the oncogene, thuse suppressing cancer
development
B) deactivation of MLH1 to halt deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair
C) an incrase in tumor progression from benign to malignant
D) overexpression of micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA), resulting in tumorigenesis -
ANSWER-Ans: C- an increase in tumor progression from benign to malignant
The functions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and CD1 molecules
are alike because both:
A) are antigen-presenting molecules
2|Page
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
B) bind antigens to antibodies
C) secrete interleukins (ILs) during the immune process
D) are capable of activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes - ANSWER-Ans: A- are
antigen-presenting molecules
The B-cell receptor (BCR) complex functions uniquely by:
A) communicating information about the anitgen to the helper T (Th) cell
B) secreting chemical signals to help cells communicate
C) recognizing the anitgen on the surface of the B lymphocyte
D) communicating information about the antigen to the cell nucleus - ANSWER-
Ans: D- communicating information about the antigen to the cell nucleus
The generation of clonal diversity includes a process that:
A) involves antigens that selet lymphocytes with compatible receptors
B) allows the differentiation of cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells or mature
T cells
C) takes place in the primary (central) lymphoid organs
D) causes antigens to expand and diversify their population - ANSWER-Ans: C-
takes place in the primary (central) lymphoid organs
Vacinations are able to provide protection against certain microorganisms because
of the:
3|Page
, HESI ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
A) strong response from immunoglobulin M (IgM)
B) level of protection provided by immunoglobulin G (IgG)
C) memory cells for immunoglobulin E (IgE)
D) rapid response from immunoglobulin A (IgA) - ANSWER-Ans: B- level of
protection provided by immunoglobulin G (IgG)
What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions?
A) antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation,
followed by a discharge of preformed mediators
B) antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the
immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues
C) cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes or lymphokine-producting helper T 1 (Th1) cells
directly attack and destroy cellular targets
D) antibodies bind to the anitgens on the cell surface - ANSWER-Ans: D-
antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface
When soluble antigens from infectious agents enter circulation, tissue damage is a
result of:
A) complement-mediated cell lysis
B) phagocytosis by macrophages
C) phagocytosis in the spleen
4|Page
