BIOL 1107 Exam 1 Study Guide Ch. 1-3
Questions and Answers A+ Graded
Biology .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .scientific .study .of .living .things .(organisms).
All .living .things .are.. .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Descended .from .a .common .origin
.of .life .that .occurred .almost .4 .billion .years .ago.
In .all .chemical .reactions... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-matter .and .energy .are .neither
.created .or .destroyed
Anytime .a .molecule .releases .energy... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Another .molecule
.captures .it.
What .are .the .common .set .of .chemical .components .that .make .up .organisms? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Carbohydrates, .fatty .acids, .nucleic .acids, .amino .acids.
Characteristics .of .living .organisms: .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-• .Made .of .a .common
.set .of .chemical .components: .carbohydrates, .fatty .acids, .nucleic .acids, .amino
.acids
• .Most .are .made .of .cells .enclosed .by .plasma .membranes
• .Convert .molecules .from .their .environment .into .new .biological .molecules
• .Extract .energy .from .the .environment .and .use .it .to .do .biological .work
• .Contain .genetic .information .that .uses .a .universal .code .to .specify .proteins
• .Share .similarities .among .a .fundamental .set .of .genes, .and .replicate .this
.genetic .information .when .reproducing
• .Exist .in .populations .that .evolve .through .changes .in .frequencies .of .genetic
.variants .over .time
• .Self-regulate .their .internal .environment, .maintaining .conditions .that .allow
.them .to .survive
What .Structure, .formed .from .lipids, .gave .rise .to .the .first .true .cells? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-anaerobic .heterotrophes .prokaryotes
What .were .the .first .single .celled .life .forms .to .appear .on .earth? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-prokaryotes
What .group .of .single-celled .life .forms .gave .rise .to .multi-cellular .organisms? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-eukaryotes
, How .did .unicellular .eukaryotes .evolve .into .multicellular .organisms? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Eukaryotes .failed .to .separate .after .cell .division, .creating .a
.colony .of .cells .that .used .cellular .specialization, .the .ability .of .associated .cells
.to .specialize .in .certain .functions .(some .would .reproduce, .while .others
.absorbed .nutrients) .to .grow .in .size .and .become .more .efficient .at .gather
.resources.
How .did .photosynthesis .influence .the .evolution .of .modern .life, .especially .in
.respect .to .the .difference .between .organisms .that .use .aerobic .metabolism .and
.anaerobic .metabolism? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--Photosynthesis .allowed
.photosynthetic .prokaryotes .organisms .to .produce .an .oxygen-rich .environment
.that .allowed .oxygen .tolerant .(aerobic) .organisms .to .proliferate, .growing .larger
.and .more .complex. .
-The .Oxygen-rich .environment .also .made .it .possible .for .life .to .move .on .land
.through .by .producing .a .thick .layer .of .ozone .in .the .upper .atmosphere .that
.protected .organisms .from .UV .radiation.
anaerobic .metabolism .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-does .not .use .oxygen .to .extract
.energy .from .nutrient .molecules
aerobic .metabolism .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .biochemical .process .that .uses
.Oxygen .to .extract .energy .from .nutrient .molecules
metabolism .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-energy .transformations
Genome .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .sum .total .of .all .of .an .organisms .DNA
.molecules .contained .in .each .of .its .cells. .The .'blueprint' .for .existence. .The
.information .the .specifies .how .an .organism .will .look .and .function.
How .does .mutation .in .the .genome .contribute .to .evolution? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-Through .the .change .in .the .genetic .makeup .of .organisms .over .time.
Organisms .reproduce .by .replicating .genomes, .during .which .mutations .can
.occur. .These .mutations .can .either .be .harmful .or .helpful. .If .the .mutation .gives
.the .organisms .specific .structural, .behavioral .or .physiological .traits .that .help .it
.to .be .stronger .and .better .adapted .to .its .environment, .it .will .pass .that .sequence
.to .its .offspring .(adaption) .because .the .organism .has .a .better .chance .of
.surviving .long .enough .to .reproduce. .If .a .mutation .is .harmful, .the .organism .has
.a .smaller .chance .of .reproducing .and .passing .on .the .genetic .defect .to .future
.generations. .This .is .summarized .in .Darwin's .theory .of .natural .selection.
Who .is .Charles .Darwin .and .hat .rocess .did .he .propose .accounted .for .much .of
.the .evolution .of .life? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Charles .Darwin .compiled .factual
.evidence .for .evolution. .He .argued .that .differential .survival .and .reproduction
.among .individuals .in .a .population .(natural .selection) .could .account .for .much
.of .the .evolution .of .life.
Questions and Answers A+ Graded
Biology .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .scientific .study .of .living .things .(organisms).
All .living .things .are.. .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Descended .from .a .common .origin
.of .life .that .occurred .almost .4 .billion .years .ago.
In .all .chemical .reactions... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-matter .and .energy .are .neither
.created .or .destroyed
Anytime .a .molecule .releases .energy... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Another .molecule
.captures .it.
What .are .the .common .set .of .chemical .components .that .make .up .organisms? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Carbohydrates, .fatty .acids, .nucleic .acids, .amino .acids.
Characteristics .of .living .organisms: .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-• .Made .of .a .common
.set .of .chemical .components: .carbohydrates, .fatty .acids, .nucleic .acids, .amino
.acids
• .Most .are .made .of .cells .enclosed .by .plasma .membranes
• .Convert .molecules .from .their .environment .into .new .biological .molecules
• .Extract .energy .from .the .environment .and .use .it .to .do .biological .work
• .Contain .genetic .information .that .uses .a .universal .code .to .specify .proteins
• .Share .similarities .among .a .fundamental .set .of .genes, .and .replicate .this
.genetic .information .when .reproducing
• .Exist .in .populations .that .evolve .through .changes .in .frequencies .of .genetic
.variants .over .time
• .Self-regulate .their .internal .environment, .maintaining .conditions .that .allow
.them .to .survive
What .Structure, .formed .from .lipids, .gave .rise .to .the .first .true .cells? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-anaerobic .heterotrophes .prokaryotes
What .were .the .first .single .celled .life .forms .to .appear .on .earth? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-prokaryotes
What .group .of .single-celled .life .forms .gave .rise .to .multi-cellular .organisms? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-eukaryotes
, How .did .unicellular .eukaryotes .evolve .into .multicellular .organisms? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Eukaryotes .failed .to .separate .after .cell .division, .creating .a
.colony .of .cells .that .used .cellular .specialization, .the .ability .of .associated .cells
.to .specialize .in .certain .functions .(some .would .reproduce, .while .others
.absorbed .nutrients) .to .grow .in .size .and .become .more .efficient .at .gather
.resources.
How .did .photosynthesis .influence .the .evolution .of .modern .life, .especially .in
.respect .to .the .difference .between .organisms .that .use .aerobic .metabolism .and
.anaerobic .metabolism? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--Photosynthesis .allowed
.photosynthetic .prokaryotes .organisms .to .produce .an .oxygen-rich .environment
.that .allowed .oxygen .tolerant .(aerobic) .organisms .to .proliferate, .growing .larger
.and .more .complex. .
-The .Oxygen-rich .environment .also .made .it .possible .for .life .to .move .on .land
.through .by .producing .a .thick .layer .of .ozone .in .the .upper .atmosphere .that
.protected .organisms .from .UV .radiation.
anaerobic .metabolism .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-does .not .use .oxygen .to .extract
.energy .from .nutrient .molecules
aerobic .metabolism .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .biochemical .process .that .uses
.Oxygen .to .extract .energy .from .nutrient .molecules
metabolism .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-energy .transformations
Genome .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .sum .total .of .all .of .an .organisms .DNA
.molecules .contained .in .each .of .its .cells. .The .'blueprint' .for .existence. .The
.information .the .specifies .how .an .organism .will .look .and .function.
How .does .mutation .in .the .genome .contribute .to .evolution? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-Through .the .change .in .the .genetic .makeup .of .organisms .over .time.
Organisms .reproduce .by .replicating .genomes, .during .which .mutations .can
.occur. .These .mutations .can .either .be .harmful .or .helpful. .If .the .mutation .gives
.the .organisms .specific .structural, .behavioral .or .physiological .traits .that .help .it
.to .be .stronger .and .better .adapted .to .its .environment, .it .will .pass .that .sequence
.to .its .offspring .(adaption) .because .the .organism .has .a .better .chance .of
.surviving .long .enough .to .reproduce. .If .a .mutation .is .harmful, .the .organism .has
.a .smaller .chance .of .reproducing .and .passing .on .the .genetic .defect .to .future
.generations. .This .is .summarized .in .Darwin's .theory .of .natural .selection.
Who .is .Charles .Darwin .and .hat .rocess .did .he .propose .accounted .for .much .of
.the .evolution .of .life? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Charles .Darwin .compiled .factual
.evidence .for .evolution. .He .argued .that .differential .survival .and .reproduction
.among .individuals .in .a .population .(natural .selection) .could .account .for .much
.of .the .evolution .of .life.
