BIOL 1107 Unit 4 (2025) Actual Exam
Questions and Answers A+ Graded
Mendel .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-discovered .the .basic .principles .of .heredity .by
.breeding .garden .peas .in .carefully .planned .experiments
Law .of .Segregation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-states .that .the .two .alleles .for .a
.heritable .character .segregate .during .gamete .formation .and .end .up .in .different
.gametes
Conditions .for .Simple .Mendelian .Genetics .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .One .gene
.controls .the .trait .
2. .There .are .only .two .possible .alleles
3. .Complete .dominance .is .the .inheritance .pattern
Inheritance .of .characters .by .a .single .gene .may
deviate .from .simple .Mendelian .patterns .in .the
following .situations: .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--When .a .gene .is .not .completely
.dominant .or .recessive
-When .a .gene .has .more .than .two .alleles
-When .a .gene .produces .multiple .phenotypes
norm .of .reaction .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .phenotypic .range .of .a .genotype
.influenced .by .the .environment
pedigree .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .family .tree .that .describes .the
.interrelationships .of .parents .and .children .across .generations
Mitochondrion .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Organelle .providing .cellular .energy
Contains .small .circular .DNA .called
mtDNA
-37 .genes .without .noncoding
sequences
No .crossing .over .and .little .DNA .repair
High .exposure .to .free .radicals
Mutation .rate .is .greater .than .nuclear .DNA
mitochondrial .genes .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-transmitted .from .mother .to .all .of .her
.offspring
Mitochondrial .genes .encode .proteins .that .participate .in
, protein .synthesis .and .energy .production
Several .diseases .result .from .mutations .in .mtDNA
Examples:
-Mitochondrial .myopathies
-Weak .and .flaccid
muscles
-Leber .optical .atrophy
-Impaired .vision
Ooplasmic .transfer .technique .can .enable .woman .to
avoid .transmitting .a .mitochondrial .disorder
SRY .gene .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .sex .determining .region .of .the .Y
.chromosome .in .males. .Encodes .the .testis-determining .factor, .which .turns .the
.primordial .gonads .into .the .testes
inheritance .of .sex-linked .gene .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-•The .sex .chromosomes
.have .genes .for .many
characters .unrelated .to .sex
•A .gene .located .on .either .sex .chromosome .is
called .a
sex-linked .gene
•In .humans, .sex
-linked .usually .refers .to .a .gene
on .the .larger .X .chromosome
X .Inactivation .in .Female .Mammals .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-•In .mammalian
.females, .one .of .the .two .X
chromosomes .in .each .cell .is .randomly
inactivated .during .embryonic .development
•The .inactive .X .condenses .into .a
Barr .body
•If .a .female .is .heterozygous .for .a .particular
gene .located .on .the .X .chromosome, .she .will .be
a .mosaic .for .that .character
abnormal .chromosome .number .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-In .nondisjunction, .pairs
.of .homologous .chromosomes .do .not .separate .normally .during .meiosis
As .a .result, .one .gamete .receives .two .of .the .same .type .of .chromosome, .and
.another .gamete .receives .no .copy
Aneuploidy .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-results .from .the .fertilization .of .gametes .in
.which .nondisjunction .occurred
-offspring .with .this .condition .have .an .abnormal .amount .of .a .certain
.chromosome
monosomic .zygote .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-has .only .one .copy .of .a .particular
.chromosome
Questions and Answers A+ Graded
Mendel .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-discovered .the .basic .principles .of .heredity .by
.breeding .garden .peas .in .carefully .planned .experiments
Law .of .Segregation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-states .that .the .two .alleles .for .a
.heritable .character .segregate .during .gamete .formation .and .end .up .in .different
.gametes
Conditions .for .Simple .Mendelian .Genetics .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .One .gene
.controls .the .trait .
2. .There .are .only .two .possible .alleles
3. .Complete .dominance .is .the .inheritance .pattern
Inheritance .of .characters .by .a .single .gene .may
deviate .from .simple .Mendelian .patterns .in .the
following .situations: .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--When .a .gene .is .not .completely
.dominant .or .recessive
-When .a .gene .has .more .than .two .alleles
-When .a .gene .produces .multiple .phenotypes
norm .of .reaction .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .phenotypic .range .of .a .genotype
.influenced .by .the .environment
pedigree .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .family .tree .that .describes .the
.interrelationships .of .parents .and .children .across .generations
Mitochondrion .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Organelle .providing .cellular .energy
Contains .small .circular .DNA .called
mtDNA
-37 .genes .without .noncoding
sequences
No .crossing .over .and .little .DNA .repair
High .exposure .to .free .radicals
Mutation .rate .is .greater .than .nuclear .DNA
mitochondrial .genes .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-transmitted .from .mother .to .all .of .her
.offspring
Mitochondrial .genes .encode .proteins .that .participate .in
, protein .synthesis .and .energy .production
Several .diseases .result .from .mutations .in .mtDNA
Examples:
-Mitochondrial .myopathies
-Weak .and .flaccid
muscles
-Leber .optical .atrophy
-Impaired .vision
Ooplasmic .transfer .technique .can .enable .woman .to
avoid .transmitting .a .mitochondrial .disorder
SRY .gene .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .sex .determining .region .of .the .Y
.chromosome .in .males. .Encodes .the .testis-determining .factor, .which .turns .the
.primordial .gonads .into .the .testes
inheritance .of .sex-linked .gene .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-•The .sex .chromosomes
.have .genes .for .many
characters .unrelated .to .sex
•A .gene .located .on .either .sex .chromosome .is
called .a
sex-linked .gene
•In .humans, .sex
-linked .usually .refers .to .a .gene
on .the .larger .X .chromosome
X .Inactivation .in .Female .Mammals .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-•In .mammalian
.females, .one .of .the .two .X
chromosomes .in .each .cell .is .randomly
inactivated .during .embryonic .development
•The .inactive .X .condenses .into .a
Barr .body
•If .a .female .is .heterozygous .for .a .particular
gene .located .on .the .X .chromosome, .she .will .be
a .mosaic .for .that .character
abnormal .chromosome .number .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-In .nondisjunction, .pairs
.of .homologous .chromosomes .do .not .separate .normally .during .meiosis
As .a .result, .one .gamete .receives .two .of .the .same .type .of .chromosome, .and
.another .gamete .receives .no .copy
Aneuploidy .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-results .from .the .fertilization .of .gametes .in
.which .nondisjunction .occurred
-offspring .with .this .condition .have .an .abnormal .amount .of .a .certain
.chromosome
monosomic .zygote .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-has .only .one .copy .of .a .particular
.chromosome
