NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam – Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers – Grade A+

NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam | Complete Guide With
Questions and Verified Answers |
Grade A+
Asthma-CORRECTANSWER-
Chronicdiseaseduetobronchoconstrictionandanexcessiveinflammatoryresponseinthebro
nchioles

Whatare5s/sofasthma-CORRECTANSWER-coughing
wheezing
shortnessofbreath
rapidbreathing
chesttightness

Pathophysiologyofasthma(5)-CORRECTANSWER--airwayinflammation,bronchialhyper-
reactivityandsmoothmusclespasm
-excessmucusproductionandaccumulation
-hypertrophyofbronchialsmoothmuscle
-airflowobstruction
-decreasedalveolarventilation

Bronchioles-CORRECTANSWER-
smallerpassagewaysthatoriginatefromthebronchithatbecomethealveoli

3layersofthebronchioles-CORRECTANSWER-innermostlayer
middlelayer-laminapropria
outermostlayer

laminapropria-CORRECTANSWER-themiddlelayerofthebronchioles

structureofthelaminapropria-CORRECTANSWER-
embeddedwithconnectivetissuecellsandimmunecells

purposeofthelaminapropria-CORRECTANSWER-
whitebloodcellsarepresenttohelpprotecttheairways

Howdoesthelaminapropriaeffectthelungsinregardstoasthma-CORRECTANSWER-
theWBCsprotectivefeaturegoesintooverdrivecausinganinflammatoryresponsethatdamag
eshosttissue

,Whatdoestheinnermostlayerofthebronchiolescontain-CORRECTANSWER-
columnarepithelialellsandmucusproducinggobletcells

Whatdoestheoutermostlayerofthebronchiolescontain-CORRECTANSWER-
smoothmusclecells

whatdoestheoutermostlayerofthebronchiolesdo-CORRECTANSWER-
controltheairwaysabilitytoconstrictanddilate

alveolarhyperinflation-CORRECTANSWER-
Whenairisunabletomoveoutofthealveolarlikeitshouldduetobronchialwallscollapsingaroun
dpossiblemucusplugthustrappingairinside

howdoeshyperinflationoccur?-CORRECTANSWER-
theongoinginflammatoryprocessofasthmaproducesmucusandpusplugthatthebronchialwa
llscollapsearound

Effectofhyperinflationofthealveolar-CORRECTANSWER--
expandedthoraxandhypercapnia(retentionofCO2)
-respiratoryacidosis

Whataretwoanticholinergicdrugsusedforasthma-CORRECTANSWER-
tiotropiumandipratropium

Whatdoanticholinergicsdointhelungs?-CORRECTANSWER-
Thesedrugsblocktheeffectsoftheparasympatheticnervoussystem
-increasingbronchodilation

MOAofanticholinergicdrugsforasthma-CORRECTANSWER-
theparasympatheticsystemisstimulatedbythevagalnervetoreleaseacetylcholinewhichbind
stothecholinergicreceptorsoftherespiratorytracttocausebronchialconstriction=decreaseda
irflow

-
blockingthecholinergicreceptorspreventsacetylcholinebindingpreventingthebronchialcon
striction

bronchitis-CORRECTANSWER-inflammationofthebronchialtubes

3characteristicsofbronchitis-CORRECTANSWER-bronchialinflammation
hypersecretionofmucus
chronicproductivecoughforatleast3consecutivemonthsforatleast2successiveyears

Perfusion-CORRECTANSWER-
Thesupplyofoxygentoandremovalofwastesfromthecellsandtissuesofthebodyasaresultofth
eflowofbloodthroughthecapillaries.

, resultsofchronicbronchitis/lowperfusion-CORRECTANSWER-cyanosis
righttoleftshunting
chronichypoxemia

Whyistherecyanosiswithchronicbronchitis-CORRECTANSWER-
thereishypoxiaduetounfavorableconditionsforgasexchange

Righttoleftshunting-CORRECTANSWER-
whenbloodpassesfromtherightventriclethroughthelungsandtotheleftventriclewithoutperfu
sion

Causesofbronchitis-CORRECTANSWER--longtermexposuretoenvironmentalirritants
-repeatedepisodesofacuteinfection(RSVinfectioninearlyinfancy)
-Factorsaffectinggestationalchildhoodlungdevelopment(pretermbirth)

Pathogenesisofbronchitis-CORRECTANSWER--Exposuretoairborneirritants
-Irritantactivatesbronchialsmoothmuscleconstrictionandmucussecretion
-Triggersreleaseofinflammatorymediatorsfromimmunecellslocatedinthelaminapropria

mostcommonirritantwithbronchitisis?-CORRECTANSWER-tobaccoproductsmoke

whatdoeslongtermexposuretoirritantspromoteinbronchitis?(5)-CORRECTANSWER--
smoothmusclehypertrophy
-hypertrophyandhyperplasiaofgobletcells
-epithelialcellmetaplasia
-migrationofmoreWBCtosite
-thickeningandrigidityofbronchialbasementmembrane

Whatdoessmoothmusclehypertrophydoinlungs?-CORRECTANSWER-
causesincreasedbronchoconstriction

Hypertrophyandhyperplasiaofgobletcellsdowhatinthebronchials-CORRECTANSWER-
promoteshypersecretionofmucus

Whatarecharacteristicsofepithelialcellmetaplasia?-CORRECTANSWER-
squamouscellsbecomenonciliatedandarelessprotective;allowpassageoftoxinsandWBCs

WhatdoesthemigrationofWBCstothebronchialsdo?-CORRECTANSWER-
increasesinflammationoftheciteandcausesfibrosisinthebronchialwall

Howdoesthethickeningandrigidityofbronchialbasementmembraneseffectthelungs?-
CORRECTANSWER-leadstofurthernarrowingofthebronchialpassageways

Whatacid-basedisorderisseeninchronicbronchitis?-CORRECTANSWER-
respiratoryacidosis