Parasitology Exam 2 Content

PARASITOLOGY EXAM 2


COMPLEMENT AND INTERFERONS


-
complement :



of
en
proteins
-
· consist a p p rox




(zymogen form
generally
ment
in
freely
circulate ir
· in blood picsma
S
e
i

· activated c l a ss i c a l pathway Cortigen-antibody
Complement can be
by
- - -


complex) or a l te r n a t i ve patmway /spontaneously) OR Le c t i n pathway
i n t e re e n t e re s


sell wa l l posysacharides of cer tain bac teria and fing :
(


complement
6
proteins (36) Coat pathogen sur face (oposonization)
- -


and destruc tion of pathogen macrophases
this
promoting
-
phagocytosis by
-


and wer trophils which h ave re c e p to rs for <36
,
-



C
⑧
SA is an important chemotactic protein
, helping resirti-flammatory
- -



ce 115



256 for
mmme
initiates attack comp ex
Complement
·
pottery
,


-




LMACY that fo r m p o re s in pathogens that h ave lipid membrane to
-




in du ce lys : S
-




- Inter ferons : IFN-a IFN-B IFN- Y
, ,

- -
-



· a c l a ss of proteins senthesized upon parasitic infec tion of a cell
-


messengers protect nor mal cells vicinity from
becoming
· act as to in

- -


i


- fec + ed




detention
and
of
IFN-B
IFN-C
O
· and induce the t
- ~ Y




Orientdinin
o o




· FN - Y is produced by Th ce lls and Natural killer cells to stimulate
-


cells in the cellular resource ,
such as macrophases
-




CYTOKINES AND CELL SIGNALING




cytokineepriordoesa
-




c u r r
~




- -




cells d i st a n t in the
or
body
-




① = X = I n te r fe ro n fac tors etc .
,
interlockin
, growth ,

- -

, Signaling ligand re c e p t o r protein initiating
Sometime ,
-
Cell : birds to coll
-



i - +racellular sisual cascades
-


· 1: gards be located or cell s u r fa c e of reismboring tells
,
may


dissolved in blood (cytokines) or on sur face of or secreted
-



b3 pathogens



cascades ac tivate factors/proteins that con t rol
trimentation
&
m ay
-



gene induction
,
phagocytosis ,
ap op tos is or secretion
,




of Cell SigAs
i
Ex wa i cone
-




- L


activated by cytokine
-


adds
· i = Janus Kinase <JAK) : a c t i va te s the JAK protein ,
which




Prosonate gro-ps 10) to the receptor
- -




n
rosonate Sos To
> kinases = proteins that
-

om

a p ro s p e c te Groups act as "on" and

m e m o r - - -



·
3 =
Signal Transducer and a c t i va to r of transcription CS T AT) = is



recruited and i ts e l f becomes prosmorylated forms dimer
,
and
,

-
-


m ove s into ce ll mucleus w h e re it binds to DNA promoter re s i o n
,

- - -




PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS


modificity
-
patter n Recognition Receptors deceptors
:
with that bind



pathogens
sente
to m o re n c e s on the of




· structed by PAMPs
- -




associated Molecular patters sucll molecular
PA M P
,
&
: pathosor



motifs conserved with : a class of pathogens




:indes -a
-
- = scavenger re c e p t o rs




bac terial dells
including



-eived a -
ro t a i n s that recosine



defense
including
fragments of complement and mediate va r i o u s func tions ,

- -



phagocytosis


- d = To l l - l i ke receptors
<Ts) : Single
-
, membrane-spanning
-
,
re c e p to rs that



conserved molecules of carbohydrates
recognize
,
steaminerally
nucleotides
,




and proteins derived f ro m viruses
, b a c te r i a
,
protozoa and helminthes
,




Pc + a si + es




THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE


-
solcific/ Adapting Immunity : 3rd Line of Defense
i s e e

~ Four important a s p e c ts of immune re s o u rc e =



2

, - 1 = Nonsof recognition : ability to distinguish self-antigens from non-self
- -



- 2 = Antigen-specific : recognizes and is directed against specific antigens
-
-


: restricted initial
3 = S yste m < re s p o n s e :
Immunity is not to i n fe c t i o n s i te
-




ene - re a

- 1 = "Memory" : recognizes and m o u n ts stronger attack on
previously

encountered pathogens


BASIS OF NONSELF RECOGNITION


Major
histocompatibility (MH)) sur face slycoprotei -S ,
-


Complex : cell

-




Lishly polymorphic


cell
- A = M rc C l a ss I proteins : p re s e n t on
every n u cle ate d of the
body

(CD8) Cells
"notex
· : T respond to
endogenous ar tigen bound to Mt
-



c l a ss 1 proteins


- B =
m + class I proteins : Ford only or
presenting
metenon
ye l l s >macro-



phases 8- cells ,
dendritic cells
/



· CO11S 1D4) respond to an t ig on boued to Mind C l a ss #
TH exogenous
- -


protei -
s




TWO SEPERATE BUT OVERLAPPING ARMS OF IMMUNITY

- I : Cell mediated Emmunity :
entirely associated with cell sur faces T-cell receptors
, ,
- c a t e



"me
that a re unable to antigens f re e
-



-
T-cells : can regulate the immune responses of other cells <(DU) ori-directly
- - -



K : 11 CellS <CD8) that carry specific antigens
-


ly
&
monocy + es produced in re d bone m o r row
,
migrate to thy was (primary
-
- -


organ) (VDJ recombination of T-cell
lymphoid w h e re They Mature
-




receptor) and underso selec tion



& ↑ cell receptors m u st recognize self MHC p ro te i n s needed for
- -


activation ,
but NOT the self
or tigens (self tolerance) that the MHC
- - -



presen S +
It cell eliminated in
thymus if c r i te r i a not met (

2 If t cell doesn't recognize self M rc I eliminated


L If I dell recognizes self ar tigens = eliminated

he If Coll recognize MMC Self ar tisans Survive *
* T bet :seare



·
"Naive" T cells recirculate only s to n the blood and ly menoid organs ,

- - - -


& ono + enter other tissues ; activated in
secondary lymphoid organs
-
-


L Ex = seldom tonsils lywer modes
,
,
- - -

·
T- c e l l re c e p to rs --C transmembrane proteins with constant and
- -



vari ab l e region l i ke artibodies
,
-



↳ Composed of 2 Chains (Clona & betal
- -