NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2
1. What is gastritis?: Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red
and inflamed and irritated
2. What are the causes of gastritis?: Ingestion of irritating substances such a
alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
3. What is GERD?: the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through
the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly
acidic stomach acid that comes up.
4. What are the causes of GERD?: Any condition or agent that alters closure of
the lower esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food,
caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features
like hiatal hernia
5. What are complications of GERD?: Barrett's esophagus where columnar
tissue replaces normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high
risk for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures,
pulmonary symptoms such as cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing
passages.
6. What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?: epigastric
burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on
empty stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food
and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur
without warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
7. What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease?: promotes both gastric
and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing
and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
8. What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff): acute inflammation and
necrosis of large intestine. The intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
9. What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis?: clostridium difficile,
exposure to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
10. What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis?: foul
smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic
perforation.
11. How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis?: stop current antibiotics, treat
ischemia and contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or
vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if severe
12. How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis?: wearing
appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and water only
, NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2
13. What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis?: Periumbilical pain,
RLQ pain, presence of a positive McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting,
fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection
14 How do we assess for appendicitis?: McBurney's point technique when
pressing on the belly button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes
intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis
15. What are the causes of bowel obstructions?: previous surgery of the
intestines with adhesions, congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic
cancer of the intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of
fluid, gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel.
16. What is a functional bowel obstruction?: a problem with the act of the bowel
actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery,
medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI
system from the SNS stimulation.
17. What is a mechanical bowel obstruction?: due to adhesions, hernia, tumors,
impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the intestines, intussusception
18. What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease?: hepatocellular failure
(jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K)
and portal hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more
esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
19. Explain what jaundice is?: green- yellow staining of tissues from increased
level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
20. Where can you find jaundice on assessment?: eyes, skin, and mouth
21. Explain what ascites is?: pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal
cavity due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst
the cells.
It can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis
22. Explain hepatic encephalopathy?: neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much
ammonia in the blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and
psychotic symptoms common along with jerking
23. What is another name for end stage liver disease?: cirrhosis
24. What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones?: sudden pain in the RUQ/
center of the abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and vomiting.
25. Why do gallstones occur?: due to often a blockage of a duct from a cholesterol
filled stone
26. What are the three stages of gallstone formation?: supersaturation,
nucleation, hypo motility
, NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2
27. Explain supersaturation phase: bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing
precipitation of cholesterol
28. Explain nucleation phase: the bile crystals begin to stick together and become
larger stones
29. Explain hypo motility phase: the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow
more 30 What are some of the risk factors for gallstones?: prolonged
fasting, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, estrogen, obesity
31. What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis?: steady and dull pain in
the center or LUQ of abdomen, severe tenderness on palpation that radiates to
the back, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distention with hypoactive bowel
sounds, low grade fevers
32. What are the causes of pancreatitis?: alcoholism is most causes, biliary tract
disease where the enzymes attack the pancreas, hypertriglyceridemia
33. What are the three function of the kidneys: excretion, elimination, regulation
34. Explain what excretion is?: removal of organic waste products from body
fluids
35. Explain what elimination is?: discharge of the waste products from the body
36. Explain what regulation is?: regulating blood volume, ion concentration,
blood pH and nutrients
37. What are signs and symptoms indicating one may have a renal disorder?:
pain in the back flank area that is felt at the CVA angle on percussion,
tenderness, abnormal urinalysis findings
38. What types of things are abnormal regarding urinalysis?: dark, strong
smelling urine, bacteria in the urine, cloudy urine, ketones or glucose or proteins
in the urine, blood in the urine (except during menses)
39. What is polycystic kidney disease?: an inherited condition of the kidney
resulting in one having fluid filled cysts on one or both kidneys. if left untreated
renal failure with need for dialysis or kidney transplant occurring
40. What causes polycystic kidney disease?: it is inherited genetically
41. What are the types of polycystic kidney disease?: autosomal recessive and
dominant
42. What is a nephron(s)?: they are in the kidney and helps to filter blood and
remove waste products
43. How many nephrons do the kidneys have?: 1-2 million
44. What is hematuria?: blood found in the urine not due to menstruation
45. What is proteinuria?: protein found in the urine
1. What is gastritis?: Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red
and inflamed and irritated
2. What are the causes of gastritis?: Ingestion of irritating substances such a
alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
3. What is GERD?: the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through
the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly
acidic stomach acid that comes up.
4. What are the causes of GERD?: Any condition or agent that alters closure of
the lower esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food,
caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features
like hiatal hernia
5. What are complications of GERD?: Barrett's esophagus where columnar
tissue replaces normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high
risk for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures,
pulmonary symptoms such as cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing
passages.
6. What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?: epigastric
burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on
empty stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food
and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur
without warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
7. What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease?: promotes both gastric
and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing
and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
8. What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff): acute inflammation and
necrosis of large intestine. The intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
9. What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis?: clostridium difficile,
exposure to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
10. What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis?: foul
smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic
perforation.
11. How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis?: stop current antibiotics, treat
ischemia and contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or
vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if severe
12. How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis?: wearing
appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and water only
, NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2
13. What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis?: Periumbilical pain,
RLQ pain, presence of a positive McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting,
fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection
14 How do we assess for appendicitis?: McBurney's point technique when
pressing on the belly button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes
intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis
15. What are the causes of bowel obstructions?: previous surgery of the
intestines with adhesions, congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic
cancer of the intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of
fluid, gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel.
16. What is a functional bowel obstruction?: a problem with the act of the bowel
actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery,
medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI
system from the SNS stimulation.
17. What is a mechanical bowel obstruction?: due to adhesions, hernia, tumors,
impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the intestines, intussusception
18. What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease?: hepatocellular failure
(jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K)
and portal hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more
esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
19. Explain what jaundice is?: green- yellow staining of tissues from increased
level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
20. Where can you find jaundice on assessment?: eyes, skin, and mouth
21. Explain what ascites is?: pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal
cavity due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst
the cells.
It can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis
22. Explain hepatic encephalopathy?: neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much
ammonia in the blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and
psychotic symptoms common along with jerking
23. What is another name for end stage liver disease?: cirrhosis
24. What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones?: sudden pain in the RUQ/
center of the abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and vomiting.
25. Why do gallstones occur?: due to often a blockage of a duct from a cholesterol
filled stone
26. What are the three stages of gallstone formation?: supersaturation,
nucleation, hypo motility
, NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2
27. Explain supersaturation phase: bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing
precipitation of cholesterol
28. Explain nucleation phase: the bile crystals begin to stick together and become
larger stones
29. Explain hypo motility phase: the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow
more 30 What are some of the risk factors for gallstones?: prolonged
fasting, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, estrogen, obesity
31. What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis?: steady and dull pain in
the center or LUQ of abdomen, severe tenderness on palpation that radiates to
the back, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distention with hypoactive bowel
sounds, low grade fevers
32. What are the causes of pancreatitis?: alcoholism is most causes, biliary tract
disease where the enzymes attack the pancreas, hypertriglyceridemia
33. What are the three function of the kidneys: excretion, elimination, regulation
34. Explain what excretion is?: removal of organic waste products from body
fluids
35. Explain what elimination is?: discharge of the waste products from the body
36. Explain what regulation is?: regulating blood volume, ion concentration,
blood pH and nutrients
37. What are signs and symptoms indicating one may have a renal disorder?:
pain in the back flank area that is felt at the CVA angle on percussion,
tenderness, abnormal urinalysis findings
38. What types of things are abnormal regarding urinalysis?: dark, strong
smelling urine, bacteria in the urine, cloudy urine, ketones or glucose or proteins
in the urine, blood in the urine (except during menses)
39. What is polycystic kidney disease?: an inherited condition of the kidney
resulting in one having fluid filled cysts on one or both kidneys. if left untreated
renal failure with need for dialysis or kidney transplant occurring
40. What causes polycystic kidney disease?: it is inherited genetically
41. What are the types of polycystic kidney disease?: autosomal recessive and
dominant
42. What is a nephron(s)?: they are in the kidney and helps to filter blood and
remove waste products
43. How many nephrons do the kidneys have?: 1-2 million
44. What is hematuria?: blood found in the urine not due to menstruation
45. What is proteinuria?: protein found in the urine
