SAMENVATTING ENGELS 2
TIJDEN ENGELS................................................................................................................................................ 5
PRESENT (TEGENWOORDIGE TIJD) .................................................................................................................. 5
PRESENT SIMPLE (TEGENWOORDIGE TIJD) ..................................................................................................................... 5
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (-ING VORM) ............................................................................................................................ 6
PAST (VERLEDEN) ............................................................................................................................................ 7
PAST SIMPLE ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
PAST CONTINUOUS ................................................................................................................................................... 8
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (VOLTOOID VERLEDEN TIJD) .......................................................................................................... 9
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ..................................................................................................................................... 10
VOLTOOIDE TEGENWOORDIGE TIJDEN (VERLEDEN TOT/EN HET NU)............................................................. 11
PRESENT PERFECT (VOLTOOID TEGENWOORDIGE TIJD) ................................................................................................... 11
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ................................................................................................................................ 12
FUTURE FORMS (TOEKOMST) ....................................................................................................................... 13
WILL – TO BE GOING TO .......................................................................................................................................... 13
FUTURE CONTINUOUS ............................................................................................................................................. 14
FUTURE PERFECT: SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS ................................................................................................................... 15
future perfect simple ..................................................................................................................................... 15
Future perfect continuous ............................................................................................................................. 16
MODAL VERBS .............................................................................................................................................. 17
ABILITY & POSSIBILITY .................................................................................................................................. 17
CAN & OTHER MODAL VERBS .................................................................................................................................... 17
Modal verbs vs andere hulpww ..................................................................................................................... 17
CAN FOR PRESENT ABILITY & POSSIBILITY ..................................................................................................................... 18
FUTURE: IETS KUNNEN IN DE TOEKOMST ..................................................................................................................... 18
PAST: IETS KONDEN OF NIET KONDEN DOEN ................................................................................................................. 19
GENERAL TRUTHS ................................................................................................................................................... 19
MAKING A GUESS (1) .................................................................................................................................... 20
GOKKEN OVER HET HEDEN (NU) ................................................................................................................................ 20
GOKKEN OVER DE TOEKOMST.................................................................................................................................... 20
VERWACHTINGEN (EXPECTATIONS) ............................................................................................................................ 20
SAMENVATTEND .................................................................................................................................................... 20
MAKING A GUESS (2) .................................................................................................................................... 21
PAST FORMS ......................................................................................................................................................... 21
GOKKEN OVER HET VERLEDEN ................................................................................................................................... 21
VERWACHTINGEN OVER HET VERLEDEN ....................................................................................................................... 21
SAMENVATTEND .................................................................................................................................................... 21
RULES MUST, MUSTN’T, HAVE (GOT) TO ....................................................................................................... 22
FORM................................................................................................................................................................... 22
POSITIEVE REGELS & NOODZAKELIJKE ACTIES ................................................................................................................ 22
1
, NEGATIEVE REGELS ................................................................................................................................................. 22
NOODZAKELIJKE EN NIET NOODZAKELIJKE ACTIES ........................................................................................ 23
‘NEED’ ALS MV OF GEWOON WW ‘NEED TO’ ............................................................................................................... 23
NOODZAKELIJKE ACTIES à NEED TO ........................................................................................................................... 23
NIET NOODZAKELIJKE ACTIES (NIET NODIG, NU OF LATER) ............................................................................................... 23
NIET NOODZAKELIJKE ACTIES IN VERLEDEN ................................................................................................................... 24
SAMENVATTEND .................................................................................................................................................... 24
ADVIES EN KRITIEK ........................................................................................................................................ 25
FORMS ................................................................................................................................................................. 25
ADVIES & WAARSCHUWINGEN .................................................................................................................................. 25
KRITIEK OF SPIJT HEBBEN OVER HET VERLEDEN .............................................................................................................. 26
SAMENVATTEND .................................................................................................................................................... 26
TOESTEMMING VRAGEN OF GEVEN .............................................................................................................. 27
TOESTEMMING VRAGEN, GEVEN OF WEIGEREN ............................................................................................................. 27
TOESTEMMING IN REGELS EN WETTEN......................................................................................................................... 27
TOESTEMMING IN VERLEDEN EN TOEKOMST ................................................................................................................. 28
Verleden ........................................................................................................................................................ 28
Future ............................................................................................................................................................ 28
VERZOEKEN & SUGGESTIES; OFFERS, PROMISES AND WARNINGS ................................................................. 29
REQUESTS ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
SUGGESTIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 29
WILL FOR OFFERS, PROMISES, WARNINGS.................................................................................................................... 30
MODULE 10: CONDITIONALS ......................................................................................................................... 31
PRESENT & FUTURE CONDITIONS.................................................................................................................. 31
PRESENT CONDITIONS (ZERO CONDITIONAL) ................................................................................................................ 31
FUTURE CONDITIONS (FIRST CONDITIONAL).................................................................................................................. 31
ALTERNATIEVEN VOOR IF .......................................................................................................................................... 31
UNLIKELY/UNREAL CONDITIONS ................................................................................................................... 32
SECOND CONDITIONAL ............................................................................................................................................ 32
UNLIKELY FUTURE CONDITIONS & UNREAL PRESENT CONDITIONS ...................................................................................... 32
ADVICE ................................................................................................................................................................ 32
ALTERNATIEVEN VOOR IF BIJ UNLIKELY/UNREAL CONDITIONS ........................................................................................... 32
PAST CONDITIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 33
THIRD CONDITIONAL ............................................................................................................................................... 33
UNREAL PAST CONDITIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 33
REGRETS............................................................................................................................................................... 33
MIXED CONDITIONALS .................................................................................................................................. 34
MIXED PAST TO PRESENT CONDITIONAL ...................................................................................................................... 34
MIXED PRESENT TO PAST CONDITIONAL ...................................................................................................................... 34
I WISH, IF ONLY, IT’S TIME … ......................................................................................................................... 35
WISH & IF ONLY + PAST SIMPLE/WOULD ..................................................................................................................... 35
2
, WISH & IF ONLY + PAST PERFECT ............................................................................................................................... 35
IT’S TIME & WOULD RATHER ..................................................................................................................................... 35
MODULE 13: REPORTED SPEECH ................................................................................................................... 36
REPORTING SPEECH ...................................................................................................................................... 36
TIJDEN VERANDEREN IN REPORTED SPEECH .................................................................................................................. 36
ANDERE VERANDERINGEN IN REPORTED SPEECH ........................................................................................................... 37
Voornaamwoorden & bijvoegelijke naamwoorden....................................................................................... 37
Woorden voor tijd & plaats ........................................................................................................................... 37
REDENEN OM DE TIJDEN NIET TE VERANDEREN .............................................................................................................. 38
REPORTED QUESTIONS (INDIRECTE VRAGEN)................................................................................................ 39
WOORDVOLGORDE IN REPORTED QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................. 39
REPORTED YES/NO QUESTIONS.................................................................................................................................. 39
REPORTED WH-QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 39
REPORTED ORDERS, REQUESTS AND ADVICE ................................................................................................ 40
REPORTING ORDERS (BEVELEN) ................................................................................................................................. 40
REPORTING REQUESTS (VERZOEKEN) .......................................................................................................................... 40
REPORTING ADVICE (ADVIES) .................................................................................................................................... 40
REPORTING NEGATIVE ORDERS, REQUESTS & ADVICE ..................................................................................................... 40
REPORTING VERBS PATTERNS ....................................................................................................................... 41
VERSCHIL TUSSEN TELL & SAY ................................................................................................................................... 41
REPORTING VERB PATTERNS (VERSCHILLENDE MANIEREN WAAROP JE EEN ZIN MAAKT) ......................................................... 41
MODULE 14: RELATIVE, PARTICIPLE & OTHER CLAUSES ................................................................................. 42
RELATIVE CLAUSES ........................................................................................................................................ 42
LEAVING OUT THE RELATIVE PRONOUN ....................................................................................................................... 42
CLAUSES MET WHEN, WHERE, WHY ............................................................................................................................ 43
VOORZETSELS IN RELATIVE CLAUSE ............................................................................................................................. 43
RELATIVE CLAUSES 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 44
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ............................................................................................................................. 44
GEBRUIK VAN KOMMA’S & VOORZETSELS .................................................................................................................... 44
COMMENT CLAUSES MET WHICH ............................................................................................................................... 44
CLAUSES AFTER THE NOUN ........................................................................................................................... 45
KORTERE RELATIVE CLAUSES ..................................................................................................................................... 45
INFINITIVE CLAUSES ................................................................................................................................................. 45
VOORZETSELS GEBRUIKEN IPV EEN RELATIVE CLAUSE ...................................................................................................... 45
PARTICIPLE CLAUSES ..................................................................................................................................... 46
PARTICIPLE CLAUSES OF REASON, RESULT, TIME, ETC. ..................................................................................................... 46
Perfect form................................................................................................................................................... 46
FORMS FOR ACTIVE & PASSIVE MEANINGS ................................................................................................................... 46
INFINITIVE CLAUSES ...................................................................................................................................... 47
INFINITIEVEN ACHTER SUPERLATIVES, BIJVOEGELIJKE NAAMWOORDEN, ETC. ....................................................................... 47
INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE (OM IETS TE DOEN).................................................................................................................. 47
3
, OTHER NOUN STRUCTURES........................................................................................................................... 48
WH-CLAUSES ........................................................................................................................................................ 48
VERGELIJKINGEN MET ZELFSTANDIGE NAAMWOORDEN (NOUNS) ...................................................................................... 48
4
TIJDEN ENGELS................................................................................................................................................ 5
PRESENT (TEGENWOORDIGE TIJD) .................................................................................................................. 5
PRESENT SIMPLE (TEGENWOORDIGE TIJD) ..................................................................................................................... 5
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (-ING VORM) ............................................................................................................................ 6
PAST (VERLEDEN) ............................................................................................................................................ 7
PAST SIMPLE ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
PAST CONTINUOUS ................................................................................................................................................... 8
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (VOLTOOID VERLEDEN TIJD) .......................................................................................................... 9
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ..................................................................................................................................... 10
VOLTOOIDE TEGENWOORDIGE TIJDEN (VERLEDEN TOT/EN HET NU)............................................................. 11
PRESENT PERFECT (VOLTOOID TEGENWOORDIGE TIJD) ................................................................................................... 11
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ................................................................................................................................ 12
FUTURE FORMS (TOEKOMST) ....................................................................................................................... 13
WILL – TO BE GOING TO .......................................................................................................................................... 13
FUTURE CONTINUOUS ............................................................................................................................................. 14
FUTURE PERFECT: SIMPLE & CONTINUOUS ................................................................................................................... 15
future perfect simple ..................................................................................................................................... 15
Future perfect continuous ............................................................................................................................. 16
MODAL VERBS .............................................................................................................................................. 17
ABILITY & POSSIBILITY .................................................................................................................................. 17
CAN & OTHER MODAL VERBS .................................................................................................................................... 17
Modal verbs vs andere hulpww ..................................................................................................................... 17
CAN FOR PRESENT ABILITY & POSSIBILITY ..................................................................................................................... 18
FUTURE: IETS KUNNEN IN DE TOEKOMST ..................................................................................................................... 18
PAST: IETS KONDEN OF NIET KONDEN DOEN ................................................................................................................. 19
GENERAL TRUTHS ................................................................................................................................................... 19
MAKING A GUESS (1) .................................................................................................................................... 20
GOKKEN OVER HET HEDEN (NU) ................................................................................................................................ 20
GOKKEN OVER DE TOEKOMST.................................................................................................................................... 20
VERWACHTINGEN (EXPECTATIONS) ............................................................................................................................ 20
SAMENVATTEND .................................................................................................................................................... 20
MAKING A GUESS (2) .................................................................................................................................... 21
PAST FORMS ......................................................................................................................................................... 21
GOKKEN OVER HET VERLEDEN ................................................................................................................................... 21
VERWACHTINGEN OVER HET VERLEDEN ....................................................................................................................... 21
SAMENVATTEND .................................................................................................................................................... 21
RULES MUST, MUSTN’T, HAVE (GOT) TO ....................................................................................................... 22
FORM................................................................................................................................................................... 22
POSITIEVE REGELS & NOODZAKELIJKE ACTIES ................................................................................................................ 22
1
, NEGATIEVE REGELS ................................................................................................................................................. 22
NOODZAKELIJKE EN NIET NOODZAKELIJKE ACTIES ........................................................................................ 23
‘NEED’ ALS MV OF GEWOON WW ‘NEED TO’ ............................................................................................................... 23
NOODZAKELIJKE ACTIES à NEED TO ........................................................................................................................... 23
NIET NOODZAKELIJKE ACTIES (NIET NODIG, NU OF LATER) ............................................................................................... 23
NIET NOODZAKELIJKE ACTIES IN VERLEDEN ................................................................................................................... 24
SAMENVATTEND .................................................................................................................................................... 24
ADVIES EN KRITIEK ........................................................................................................................................ 25
FORMS ................................................................................................................................................................. 25
ADVIES & WAARSCHUWINGEN .................................................................................................................................. 25
KRITIEK OF SPIJT HEBBEN OVER HET VERLEDEN .............................................................................................................. 26
SAMENVATTEND .................................................................................................................................................... 26
TOESTEMMING VRAGEN OF GEVEN .............................................................................................................. 27
TOESTEMMING VRAGEN, GEVEN OF WEIGEREN ............................................................................................................. 27
TOESTEMMING IN REGELS EN WETTEN......................................................................................................................... 27
TOESTEMMING IN VERLEDEN EN TOEKOMST ................................................................................................................. 28
Verleden ........................................................................................................................................................ 28
Future ............................................................................................................................................................ 28
VERZOEKEN & SUGGESTIES; OFFERS, PROMISES AND WARNINGS ................................................................. 29
REQUESTS ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
SUGGESTIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 29
WILL FOR OFFERS, PROMISES, WARNINGS.................................................................................................................... 30
MODULE 10: CONDITIONALS ......................................................................................................................... 31
PRESENT & FUTURE CONDITIONS.................................................................................................................. 31
PRESENT CONDITIONS (ZERO CONDITIONAL) ................................................................................................................ 31
FUTURE CONDITIONS (FIRST CONDITIONAL).................................................................................................................. 31
ALTERNATIEVEN VOOR IF .......................................................................................................................................... 31
UNLIKELY/UNREAL CONDITIONS ................................................................................................................... 32
SECOND CONDITIONAL ............................................................................................................................................ 32
UNLIKELY FUTURE CONDITIONS & UNREAL PRESENT CONDITIONS ...................................................................................... 32
ADVICE ................................................................................................................................................................ 32
ALTERNATIEVEN VOOR IF BIJ UNLIKELY/UNREAL CONDITIONS ........................................................................................... 32
PAST CONDITIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 33
THIRD CONDITIONAL ............................................................................................................................................... 33
UNREAL PAST CONDITIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 33
REGRETS............................................................................................................................................................... 33
MIXED CONDITIONALS .................................................................................................................................. 34
MIXED PAST TO PRESENT CONDITIONAL ...................................................................................................................... 34
MIXED PRESENT TO PAST CONDITIONAL ...................................................................................................................... 34
I WISH, IF ONLY, IT’S TIME … ......................................................................................................................... 35
WISH & IF ONLY + PAST SIMPLE/WOULD ..................................................................................................................... 35
2
, WISH & IF ONLY + PAST PERFECT ............................................................................................................................... 35
IT’S TIME & WOULD RATHER ..................................................................................................................................... 35
MODULE 13: REPORTED SPEECH ................................................................................................................... 36
REPORTING SPEECH ...................................................................................................................................... 36
TIJDEN VERANDEREN IN REPORTED SPEECH .................................................................................................................. 36
ANDERE VERANDERINGEN IN REPORTED SPEECH ........................................................................................................... 37
Voornaamwoorden & bijvoegelijke naamwoorden....................................................................................... 37
Woorden voor tijd & plaats ........................................................................................................................... 37
REDENEN OM DE TIJDEN NIET TE VERANDEREN .............................................................................................................. 38
REPORTED QUESTIONS (INDIRECTE VRAGEN)................................................................................................ 39
WOORDVOLGORDE IN REPORTED QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................. 39
REPORTED YES/NO QUESTIONS.................................................................................................................................. 39
REPORTED WH-QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 39
REPORTED ORDERS, REQUESTS AND ADVICE ................................................................................................ 40
REPORTING ORDERS (BEVELEN) ................................................................................................................................. 40
REPORTING REQUESTS (VERZOEKEN) .......................................................................................................................... 40
REPORTING ADVICE (ADVIES) .................................................................................................................................... 40
REPORTING NEGATIVE ORDERS, REQUESTS & ADVICE ..................................................................................................... 40
REPORTING VERBS PATTERNS ....................................................................................................................... 41
VERSCHIL TUSSEN TELL & SAY ................................................................................................................................... 41
REPORTING VERB PATTERNS (VERSCHILLENDE MANIEREN WAAROP JE EEN ZIN MAAKT) ......................................................... 41
MODULE 14: RELATIVE, PARTICIPLE & OTHER CLAUSES ................................................................................. 42
RELATIVE CLAUSES ........................................................................................................................................ 42
LEAVING OUT THE RELATIVE PRONOUN ....................................................................................................................... 42
CLAUSES MET WHEN, WHERE, WHY ............................................................................................................................ 43
VOORZETSELS IN RELATIVE CLAUSE ............................................................................................................................. 43
RELATIVE CLAUSES 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 44
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ............................................................................................................................. 44
GEBRUIK VAN KOMMA’S & VOORZETSELS .................................................................................................................... 44
COMMENT CLAUSES MET WHICH ............................................................................................................................... 44
CLAUSES AFTER THE NOUN ........................................................................................................................... 45
KORTERE RELATIVE CLAUSES ..................................................................................................................................... 45
INFINITIVE CLAUSES ................................................................................................................................................. 45
VOORZETSELS GEBRUIKEN IPV EEN RELATIVE CLAUSE ...................................................................................................... 45
PARTICIPLE CLAUSES ..................................................................................................................................... 46
PARTICIPLE CLAUSES OF REASON, RESULT, TIME, ETC. ..................................................................................................... 46
Perfect form................................................................................................................................................... 46
FORMS FOR ACTIVE & PASSIVE MEANINGS ................................................................................................................... 46
INFINITIVE CLAUSES ...................................................................................................................................... 47
INFINITIEVEN ACHTER SUPERLATIVES, BIJVOEGELIJKE NAAMWOORDEN, ETC. ....................................................................... 47
INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE (OM IETS TE DOEN).................................................................................................................. 47
3
, OTHER NOUN STRUCTURES........................................................................................................................... 48
WH-CLAUSES ........................................................................................................................................................ 48
VERGELIJKINGEN MET ZELFSTANDIGE NAAMWOORDEN (NOUNS) ...................................................................................... 48
4
