Anatomy and Physiology 1 Exam 1 Questions And Answers

anatomy - ANS study of structure and form; derived from Greek word Anatome which means to cut apart or dissect; Anatomists study structure and form of organims studying the relationships among parts of the body and the structure of individual organs physiology - ANS the study of function of the body parts; physiologists examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances as well as how their functions are altered with medication or disease branches of anatomy - ANS microscopic- structures that cannot be observed to the unaided eye (cytology- study of body cells and their internal structure; histology- study of tissues) gross anatomy- structures that can be observed to the unaided eye,; macroscopic (systemic anatomy- anatomy of each body system; regional anatomy- examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit) embryology - ANS discipline concerned with developmental changes occuring from conception to birth comparative A&P - ANS examines similarities and differences of anatomy and physiology of different species pathophysiology - ANS relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system basic qualities of life - ANS organization- each organism has a complex structure and order metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions to occur within a body; anabolism (smaller molecules form larger) and catabolism (larger molecules are broken down to smaller) growth and development- each organism assimilates materials from its environment and often grows and develops responsiveness- ability to sense and react to stimuli regulation- ability to adjust or direct internal bodily function in the face of environmental changes- homeostasis- ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment organization of the human body - ANS chemical level- consists of atoms, molecules, macromolecules, and organelles cell level- consists of cells, made up of structures and molecules from chemical level tissue level- made up of tissues which are made of cells organ level- made up of organs made up of 2-3 tissue types that work together for specific, complex functions organ system level- organs that work together to coordinate activities and acheive a common function anterior - ANS in front of posterior - ANS in back of dorsal - ANS on the backside of the human body ventral - ANS on the belly side of the human body superior - ANS closer to the head inferior - ANS closer to the feet deep - ANS on the inside superficial - ANS on the outside homeostasis - ANS refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or "steady state"; for example if the body gets hot due to external temperature, the body maintains a steady state by circulating more blood toward the surface to facilitate heat loss; nervous system regulating blood pressure when you get out of bed in the morning receptor- detects changes in variable; either substance or process stimulus control center - interprets input from the receptor and initiates change through the effector; parathyroid hormone monitors calcium levels effector- structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus; muscles in the lungs that bring air flow positive feedback - ANS set point-- what is normal action occurs that reinforces the response; mother breast feeds baby: suckling causes receptors to signal to hypothalamus to release oxytocin causing breast tissue to produce milk negative feedback - ANS detecting a change and then initiating the opposite response to return to the set point (if it's hot, bringing heat to the surface of the skin so the body loses heat, if cold withdrawing blood to vessels, skeletal muscles shiver, no sweat, withdraw foot when stepping on glass) atoms - ANS protons (+1 charge), nuetrons, and electrons (very little weight) atomic number is based on protons amu is based on protons and nuetrons types of chemical bonds - ANS ionic bond- bond that transfers electrons, stronger; form salts covalent bond- bond that shares electrons, weaker, can be single, double, triple; form molecular compounds major elements of the human body - ANS Oxygen (65%), Carbon(18), Hydrogen (10), Nitrogen (3), Calcium, Phosphorous, cation - ANS positively charged ion anion - ANS negatively charged ion electrolyte - ANS substances that both dissolve and dissociate in water that create electric currents organic molecules - ANS molecules that contain carbon lipids - ANS type of organic molecule made up of fatty acids and steroids; water insoluble triglycerides- (H2CO)3 (3 glycerol and fatty acid chains (H2C)n ) phospholipids- phosphate, various organic molecules, glycerol, and fatty acids steroids- like cholesterol, 4 hydrocarbon rings eicosanoids- 20 carbons, arachidonic acid carbohydrate - ANS hydrated carbon--nearly every carbon is attached to a water molecule monosaccharides - ANS carbohydrate simple sugars with between 3 and 7 carbon atoms, ex: glucose C6H12O6, galactose, fructose, ribose and deoxyribose (5 carbon sugars) disaccharides - ANS carbohydrates made with two monosaccharides (sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (malt sugar) trisaccharides - ANS carbohydrates made of three or more monosaccharides (glycon in humans, and starch and cellulose in animals) sucrose - ANS made up of glucose and fructose maltose - ANS glucose and glucose lactose - ANS galactose and glucose nucleic acids - ANS macromolecules that store or transfer genetic and heriditary information in cells; ex) RNA and DNA, both made up of nucleotide monomers, bonded together covalently in phosphodiester bonds