WGU C785 FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS| 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS
counting carbons in a zig-zag struture? - CORRECT ANSWER - more
simplified; carbons at the points (or bends) of zig-zag structure
difference between fetal and adult hemoglobin? - CORRECT ANSWER -
fetal hemoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen than maternal
hemoglobin. fetal has alpha and gamma forms of hemoglobin while
adults have alpha and beta
example of cis fat? - CORRECT ANSWER - unsaturated natural oils
example of trans fat? - CORRECT ANSWER - margarine; raises blood
cholesterol levels and increases risk of heart disease
examples of disaccharides - CORRECT ANSWER - sucrose, lactose,
maltose
Examples of monosaccharides - CORRECT ANSWER - glucose,
fructose, galactose
,examples of polysaccharides - CORRECT ANSWER - starch, glycogen,
cellulose, chitin
Functions of cholesterol, phospholipid, and triglycerides? - CORRECT
ANSWER - cholesterol - membrane buffer/maintain integrity of
membrane. phospholipid - major component of cell membrane.
triglyceride - ATP storage
how and why are ketone bodies produced? - CORRECT ANSWER -
produced by breaking down fatty acids in liver cell's mitochondria;
produced when body has decreased carbs or increased fatty acids for
energy needs. Ketones make 22 ATP each. **alternative energy form**
***Seen with Type 1 DM, starvation, alcoholism***
how are aerobic and anaerobic metabolism the same? - CORRECT
ANSWER - both use glucose, both create ATP and CO2, both use
glycolysis in the cytoplasm
how are anaerobic and aerobic metabolism the different? - CORRECT
ANSWER - aerobic metabolism utilizes oxygen and can produce more
ATP (36). Anaerobic metabolism does not use oxygen and creates 2 ATP
how are NADH and FADH2 generated in the citric acid cycle? -
CORRECT ANSWER - each turn of CAC creates 3 NADH molecules and 1
FADH2
,how are primers used to assist in a PCR reaction? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Primers allow DNA polymerase to bind to target DNA
how can diabetes lead to glycation and AGEs? - CORRECT ANSWER -
diabetes is insulin resistance or lack of insulin production = increased
blood sugar. glucose links with proteins when there is too much.
glycated collagen has decreased elasticity of veins = damage to
capillaries, eyes, kidneys, nerves
how can I recognize structure of triglycerides, cholesterol, and
phospholipids? - CORRECT ANSWER - triglycerides - 3 fatty acid chains
and 1 glycerol. phospholipids - 2 fatty acid tails and 1 phosphate head.
cholesterol - 4 member ring
how can you recognize the structure of a eicosanoid? - CORRECT
ANSWER - arachidonric acid - 20 carbon fatty acid, omega 6 fatty acid.
Looks like incomplete oblong circle in zig-zag formation
how do cells maintain fluidity of the plasma membrane when moved to
colder or warmer temperatures? - CORRECT ANSWER - ratio of
saturated/unsaturated fatty acids acting as buffer
how do environmental changes affect enzymes? - CORRECT ANSWER -
High heat, pH change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents can
cause an enzyme to lose its form/lose function
, how do environmental changes affect protein folding? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart =
malformation of protein folding
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? - CORRECT
ANSWER - decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes catalyze reactions? - CORRECT ANSWER - bind with
substrates to decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction
rate
how do fats and proteins enter aerobic metabolism? - CORRECT
ANSWER - proteins -> amino acids -> pyruvate or acteyl CoA or CAC.
fats -> fatty acids -> acetyl CoA
how do mutations affect protein structure? - CORRECT ANSWER - Can
cause structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form
a different protein.
how do the different linkages between monomers of polysaccharrides
affect how they are digested? - CORRECT ANSWER - B linkages -
enzymes that break down B linkages, unable to break down A linkages. A
linkages - enzymes only able to break down A linkages.
how do the products of the aerobic pathways become substrates for the
next pathways? - CORRECT ANSWER - pyruvate from glycolysis turn
CORRECT ANSWERS
counting carbons in a zig-zag struture? - CORRECT ANSWER - more
simplified; carbons at the points (or bends) of zig-zag structure
difference between fetal and adult hemoglobin? - CORRECT ANSWER -
fetal hemoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen than maternal
hemoglobin. fetal has alpha and gamma forms of hemoglobin while
adults have alpha and beta
example of cis fat? - CORRECT ANSWER - unsaturated natural oils
example of trans fat? - CORRECT ANSWER - margarine; raises blood
cholesterol levels and increases risk of heart disease
examples of disaccharides - CORRECT ANSWER - sucrose, lactose,
maltose
Examples of monosaccharides - CORRECT ANSWER - glucose,
fructose, galactose
,examples of polysaccharides - CORRECT ANSWER - starch, glycogen,
cellulose, chitin
Functions of cholesterol, phospholipid, and triglycerides? - CORRECT
ANSWER - cholesterol - membrane buffer/maintain integrity of
membrane. phospholipid - major component of cell membrane.
triglyceride - ATP storage
how and why are ketone bodies produced? - CORRECT ANSWER -
produced by breaking down fatty acids in liver cell's mitochondria;
produced when body has decreased carbs or increased fatty acids for
energy needs. Ketones make 22 ATP each. **alternative energy form**
***Seen with Type 1 DM, starvation, alcoholism***
how are aerobic and anaerobic metabolism the same? - CORRECT
ANSWER - both use glucose, both create ATP and CO2, both use
glycolysis in the cytoplasm
how are anaerobic and aerobic metabolism the different? - CORRECT
ANSWER - aerobic metabolism utilizes oxygen and can produce more
ATP (36). Anaerobic metabolism does not use oxygen and creates 2 ATP
how are NADH and FADH2 generated in the citric acid cycle? -
CORRECT ANSWER - each turn of CAC creates 3 NADH molecules and 1
FADH2
,how are primers used to assist in a PCR reaction? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Primers allow DNA polymerase to bind to target DNA
how can diabetes lead to glycation and AGEs? - CORRECT ANSWER -
diabetes is insulin resistance or lack of insulin production = increased
blood sugar. glucose links with proteins when there is too much.
glycated collagen has decreased elasticity of veins = damage to
capillaries, eyes, kidneys, nerves
how can I recognize structure of triglycerides, cholesterol, and
phospholipids? - CORRECT ANSWER - triglycerides - 3 fatty acid chains
and 1 glycerol. phospholipids - 2 fatty acid tails and 1 phosphate head.
cholesterol - 4 member ring
how can you recognize the structure of a eicosanoid? - CORRECT
ANSWER - arachidonric acid - 20 carbon fatty acid, omega 6 fatty acid.
Looks like incomplete oblong circle in zig-zag formation
how do cells maintain fluidity of the plasma membrane when moved to
colder or warmer temperatures? - CORRECT ANSWER - ratio of
saturated/unsaturated fatty acids acting as buffer
how do environmental changes affect enzymes? - CORRECT ANSWER -
High heat, pH change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents can
cause an enzyme to lose its form/lose function
, how do environmental changes affect protein folding? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart =
malformation of protein folding
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? - CORRECT
ANSWER - decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes catalyze reactions? - CORRECT ANSWER - bind with
substrates to decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction
rate
how do fats and proteins enter aerobic metabolism? - CORRECT
ANSWER - proteins -> amino acids -> pyruvate or acteyl CoA or CAC.
fats -> fatty acids -> acetyl CoA
how do mutations affect protein structure? - CORRECT ANSWER - Can
cause structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form
a different protein.
how do the different linkages between monomers of polysaccharrides
affect how they are digested? - CORRECT ANSWER - B linkages -
enzymes that break down B linkages, unable to break down A linkages. A
linkages - enzymes only able to break down A linkages.
how do the products of the aerobic pathways become substrates for the
next pathways? - CORRECT ANSWER - pyruvate from glycolysis turn
