Page 1 of 78
BIOD 151 Final Exam Test Bank 2025/2026 –anatomy and
Physiology Learning 380 Complete Questions and Verified
Answers (Modules 1–7)
1. List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. - Answer:The abdominal cavity contains the
stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
1. List two organs contained in the pelvic cavity. - Answer:The pelvic cavity contains the bladder,
reproductive organs and the rectum
a. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. (T or F) - Answer:False- (ATP is produced, not
ADP)
b. Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) - Answer:True
c. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside the cell. (T or F) -
Answer:False- (process is endocytosis)
d. Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) - Answer:True
e. Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure. (T or F) -
Answer:False- (Endocytosis is an active process and requires cellular energy)
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F) - Answer:True
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F) - Answer:True
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) - Answer:False-
(Peripheral proteins are found on the inner or outer surface of the cell membrane. Integral proteins
span the entire length of the membrane.)
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d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F) -
Answer:False - Exocytosis
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about
changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) - Answer:False- (This process is called receptor-mediated
endocytosis or information transfer)
3. In your own words, discuss Tay-Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are
the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur? - Answer:Tay-Sachs disease impacts the lysosome
of the cell because a digestive enzyme in lacking. This leads to a toxic buildup of toxic lipids in the brain
that cannot be broken down. This can lead to disability and death.
4. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one
appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out
respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. - Answer:The smaller cell would
be carrying out respiration at a more active rate because its surface area to volume ration is higher than
that of the larger cell. When there is more surface are and less volume the small cell allows metabolic
processes in general to occur faster.
4. Explain at least two differences between Type I and Type II alveolar cells. - Answer:Type I forms the
very thin simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli within the junction of the capillaries; also, Type II
produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant which is needed throughout the alveolar surface; and, Type II
cells can divide to replace damaged Type I cells.
5. Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why? - Answer:The upward movement of
the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing.
5. Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why? - Answer:The trachea is closed by the
epiglottis. The epiglottis moves inferiorly, covering the trachea. This is to prevent food or liquid from
entering the lungs.
6. Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:
Trachea
Nasopharynx
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Oropharynx
Alveoli - Answer:Oropharynx
7. Label the following five items from the diagram: (picture 1) - Answer:Label A- Nasal Cavity
Label B- Oral Cavity
Label C- Soft Pallet
Label D- Epiglottis
Label E- Glottis
Label F- Trachea
Label G- Esophagus
Label H- Tongue
8. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: A. Primary bronchi, secondary
bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles B. Bronchioles, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary
bronchi C. Tertiary bronchi, secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles D. Secondary bronchi,
tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles - Answer:A
9. Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop
gastric/stomach ulcers. - Answer:Someone who has hypergastrinemia may develop stomach ulcers
because of the increased gastrin which stimulates secretions of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogens.
These can irritate the stomach lining and break it down which would lead to ulcers.
9. Explain why a patient with liver disease would have intolerance to fatty foods. - Answer:The liver
produces bile which breaks down fats. If it is not producing bile (or less bile), fats will not be broken
down effectively.
10. Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system. To receive
credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. (picture 2) - Answer:1: Liver
2: Pancreas
3: Stomach
4: Gallbladder
5: Duodenum
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6: Ileum
7: Jejunum (not small intestine)
8: Ascending Colon
9: Appendix (not large intestine)
10: Rectum (not large intestine)
11. Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes. - Answer:The
parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-
3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops
the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach.
Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme
pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
11. Name and explain the four main functions performed by the digestive system. - Answer:The
digestive system has four main roles that it performs: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation.
1. Ingestion - when food enters the mouth.
2. Digestion - When the food is mixed and moved and exposed to chemical enzymes in the GI. It is
broken down into two parts; Mechanical and Chemical Digestion Mechanical Digestion is when food is
literally being broken down to smaller pieces by chewing. Chemical Digestion is when the food is
exposed to the GI tract and its enzymes break down the food into very small nutrients.
3. Absorption - Action of absorbing the DIGESTED food/nutrients into the bloodstream
4. Defecation is the excretion of indigestible food from the anus.
12. Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below: (picture 3) - Answer:1: Frontal
bone/frontal sinuses
2: Nasal Bone
3: Maxilla
4: Zygomatic Bone, Right
5: Vomer
6: Inferior Nasal Concha
BIOD 151 Final Exam Test Bank 2025/2026 –anatomy and
Physiology Learning 380 Complete Questions and Verified
Answers (Modules 1–7)
1. List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. - Answer:The abdominal cavity contains the
stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
1. List two organs contained in the pelvic cavity. - Answer:The pelvic cavity contains the bladder,
reproductive organs and the rectum
a. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. (T or F) - Answer:False- (ATP is produced, not
ADP)
b. Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) - Answer:True
c. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside the cell. (T or F) -
Answer:False- (process is endocytosis)
d. Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) - Answer:True
e. Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure. (T or F) -
Answer:False- (Endocytosis is an active process and requires cellular energy)
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F) - Answer:True
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F) - Answer:True
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) - Answer:False-
(Peripheral proteins are found on the inner or outer surface of the cell membrane. Integral proteins
span the entire length of the membrane.)
,Page 2 of 78
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F) -
Answer:False - Exocytosis
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about
changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) - Answer:False- (This process is called receptor-mediated
endocytosis or information transfer)
3. In your own words, discuss Tay-Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are
the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur? - Answer:Tay-Sachs disease impacts the lysosome
of the cell because a digestive enzyme in lacking. This leads to a toxic buildup of toxic lipids in the brain
that cannot be broken down. This can lead to disability and death.
4. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one
appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out
respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why. - Answer:The smaller cell would
be carrying out respiration at a more active rate because its surface area to volume ration is higher than
that of the larger cell. When there is more surface are and less volume the small cell allows metabolic
processes in general to occur faster.
4. Explain at least two differences between Type I and Type II alveolar cells. - Answer:Type I forms the
very thin simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli within the junction of the capillaries; also, Type II
produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant which is needed throughout the alveolar surface; and, Type II
cells can divide to replace damaged Type I cells.
5. Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why? - Answer:The upward movement of
the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing.
5. Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why? - Answer:The trachea is closed by the
epiglottis. The epiglottis moves inferiorly, covering the trachea. This is to prevent food or liquid from
entering the lungs.
6. Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:
Trachea
Nasopharynx
,Page 3 of 78
Oropharynx
Alveoli - Answer:Oropharynx
7. Label the following five items from the diagram: (picture 1) - Answer:Label A- Nasal Cavity
Label B- Oral Cavity
Label C- Soft Pallet
Label D- Epiglottis
Label E- Glottis
Label F- Trachea
Label G- Esophagus
Label H- Tongue
8. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: A. Primary bronchi, secondary
bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles B. Bronchioles, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary
bronchi C. Tertiary bronchi, secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles D. Secondary bronchi,
tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles - Answer:A
9. Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop
gastric/stomach ulcers. - Answer:Someone who has hypergastrinemia may develop stomach ulcers
because of the increased gastrin which stimulates secretions of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogens.
These can irritate the stomach lining and break it down which would lead to ulcers.
9. Explain why a patient with liver disease would have intolerance to fatty foods. - Answer:The liver
produces bile which breaks down fats. If it is not producing bile (or less bile), fats will not be broken
down effectively.
10. Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system. To receive
credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. (picture 2) - Answer:1: Liver
2: Pancreas
3: Stomach
4: Gallbladder
5: Duodenum
, Page 4 of 78
6: Ileum
7: Jejunum (not small intestine)
8: Ascending Colon
9: Appendix (not large intestine)
10: Rectum (not large intestine)
11. Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes. - Answer:The
parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-
3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops
the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach.
Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme
pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
11. Name and explain the four main functions performed by the digestive system. - Answer:The
digestive system has four main roles that it performs: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation.
1. Ingestion - when food enters the mouth.
2. Digestion - When the food is mixed and moved and exposed to chemical enzymes in the GI. It is
broken down into two parts; Mechanical and Chemical Digestion Mechanical Digestion is when food is
literally being broken down to smaller pieces by chewing. Chemical Digestion is when the food is
exposed to the GI tract and its enzymes break down the food into very small nutrients.
3. Absorption - Action of absorbing the DIGESTED food/nutrients into the bloodstream
4. Defecation is the excretion of indigestible food from the anus.
12. Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below: (picture 3) - Answer:1: Frontal
bone/frontal sinuses
2: Nasal Bone
3: Maxilla
4: Zygomatic Bone, Right
5: Vomer
6: Inferior Nasal Concha
