AC-HPAT Biology Exam Questions and Answers
Pancreas and Type 1 diabetes - -The pancreas is the organ that produces insulin, and it
plays a major role in regulating blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the
pancreas does not make enough or any insulin.
-How does insulin work in diabetes? - -Insulin pumps are small, computerized devices that
mimic the way the human pancreas works by delivering small doses of short acting insulin
continuously (basal rate). The device also is used to deliver variable amounts of insulin
when a meal is eaten (bolus)
-chemotherapy - -Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill
fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since
cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body. It targets
cells that grow and divide quickly, as cancer cells do. Unlike radiation or surgery, which
target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your body. But it can also affect some
fast-growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair, intestines, and bone marrow.
-How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how effective is it? - -Stem
cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone marrow with new ones that make
blood. Your doctor can get the new stem cells from your own body or from a donor. Stem
cell transplantation is effective against leukemia. In many cases, however, the transferred
immune cells of the donor also attack the recipients' healthy tissue—often with fatal
consequences. ... Stem cell therapy offers people suffering from leukemia or bone-marrow
cancer the chance of full recovery.
-Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in removing cancerous
tumours? - -Lasers are more precise than standard surgical tools (scalpels), so they do less
damage to normal tissues. As a result, patients usually have less pain, bleeding, swelling,
and scarring. With laser therapy, operations are usually shorter.
-Urinary system - -· The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract,
consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary
system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure,
control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
-Nanotechnology - -Nanotechnology can provide rapid and sensitive detection of cancer-
related molecules, enabling scientists to detect molecular changes even when they occur
only in a small percentage of cells.
-Mercury poisoning - -The most common cause of mercury poisoning is from consuming
too much methyl mercury or organic mercury, which is linked to eating seafood. Small
amounts of mercury are present in everyday foods and products, which may not affect your
health. Too much mercury, however, can be poisonous. Mercury salts affect primarily the
gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and can cause severe kidney damage; however, as
, they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier easily, these salts inflict little neurological
damage without continuous or heavy exposure.
-How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human eye? - -UV rays may
lead to macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss for older Americans. UV rays,
especially UV-B rays, may also cause some kinds of cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the
eye's natural lens, the part of the eye that focuses the light we see.
-Macromolecules - -Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of
covalently connected atoms. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all
macromolecules. Macromolecules are formed by many monomers linking together, forming
a polymer.
-passive transport - -Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or
molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. Unlike active
transport, it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the
tendency of the system to grow in entropy.
-active transport - -active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane
from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the
concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
-catalyst - -Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without
itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
-fluid mosaic model - -describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of
components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that
gives the membrane a fluid character. The proportions of proteins, lipids, and
carbohydrates in the plasma membrane vary with cell type
-Effect of lead on nerve cells - -Lead poisoning can cause peripheral nerve damage: this
can cause muscle weakness and problems with the sense of touch. When researchers
examine these damaged nerves, they find that the myelin insulation is often gone, and the
axons are destroyed. These changes prevent nerves from transmitting messages properly.
-the effect of electromagnetic radiation on brain - -Reported symptoms include headaches,
anxiety, suicide and depression, nausea, fatigue and loss of libido. To date, scientific
evidence does not support a link between these symptoms and exposure to
electromagnetic fields.
-Carbohydrates function - -Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecule on Earth.
Living organisms use carbohydrates as accessible energy to fuel cellular reactions and for
structural support inside cell walls. Cells attach carbohydrate molecules to proteins and
lipids, modifying structures to enhance functionality.
Pancreas and Type 1 diabetes - -The pancreas is the organ that produces insulin, and it
plays a major role in regulating blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the
pancreas does not make enough or any insulin.
-How does insulin work in diabetes? - -Insulin pumps are small, computerized devices that
mimic the way the human pancreas works by delivering small doses of short acting insulin
continuously (basal rate). The device also is used to deliver variable amounts of insulin
when a meal is eaten (bolus)
-chemotherapy - -Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill
fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since
cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body. It targets
cells that grow and divide quickly, as cancer cells do. Unlike radiation or surgery, which
target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your body. But it can also affect some
fast-growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair, intestines, and bone marrow.
-How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how effective is it? - -Stem
cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone marrow with new ones that make
blood. Your doctor can get the new stem cells from your own body or from a donor. Stem
cell transplantation is effective against leukemia. In many cases, however, the transferred
immune cells of the donor also attack the recipients' healthy tissue—often with fatal
consequences. ... Stem cell therapy offers people suffering from leukemia or bone-marrow
cancer the chance of full recovery.
-Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in removing cancerous
tumours? - -Lasers are more precise than standard surgical tools (scalpels), so they do less
damage to normal tissues. As a result, patients usually have less pain, bleeding, swelling,
and scarring. With laser therapy, operations are usually shorter.
-Urinary system - -· The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract,
consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary
system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure,
control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
-Nanotechnology - -Nanotechnology can provide rapid and sensitive detection of cancer-
related molecules, enabling scientists to detect molecular changes even when they occur
only in a small percentage of cells.
-Mercury poisoning - -The most common cause of mercury poisoning is from consuming
too much methyl mercury or organic mercury, which is linked to eating seafood. Small
amounts of mercury are present in everyday foods and products, which may not affect your
health. Too much mercury, however, can be poisonous. Mercury salts affect primarily the
gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and can cause severe kidney damage; however, as
, they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier easily, these salts inflict little neurological
damage without continuous or heavy exposure.
-How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human eye? - -UV rays may
lead to macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss for older Americans. UV rays,
especially UV-B rays, may also cause some kinds of cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the
eye's natural lens, the part of the eye that focuses the light we see.
-Macromolecules - -Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of
covalently connected atoms. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all
macromolecules. Macromolecules are formed by many monomers linking together, forming
a polymer.
-passive transport - -Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or
molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. Unlike active
transport, it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the
tendency of the system to grow in entropy.
-active transport - -active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane
from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the
concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
-catalyst - -Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without
itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
-fluid mosaic model - -describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of
components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that
gives the membrane a fluid character. The proportions of proteins, lipids, and
carbohydrates in the plasma membrane vary with cell type
-Effect of lead on nerve cells - -Lead poisoning can cause peripheral nerve damage: this
can cause muscle weakness and problems with the sense of touch. When researchers
examine these damaged nerves, they find that the myelin insulation is often gone, and the
axons are destroyed. These changes prevent nerves from transmitting messages properly.
-the effect of electromagnetic radiation on brain - -Reported symptoms include headaches,
anxiety, suicide and depression, nausea, fatigue and loss of libido. To date, scientific
evidence does not support a link between these symptoms and exposure to
electromagnetic fields.
-Carbohydrates function - -Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecule on Earth.
Living organisms use carbohydrates as accessible energy to fuel cellular reactions and for
structural support inside cell walls. Cells attach carbohydrate molecules to proteins and
lipids, modifying structures to enhance functionality.
