TEST BANK
ESSENTIALS OF CARDIOPULMONARY
PHYSICAL THERAPY
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section I – Anatomy and Physiology
1. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems
2. Physiology of the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems
Section II – Pathophysiology
3. Ischemic Cardiovascular Conditions and Other Vascular Pathologies
4. Cardiac Muscle Dysfunction and Failure
5. Restrictive Lung Dysfunction
6. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
7. Cardiopulmonary Implications of Specific Diseases
Section III – Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
8. Cardiovascular Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
9. Electrocardiography
10. Pulmonary Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
Section IV – Surgical Interventions, Monitoring, and Support
11. Cardiovascular and Thoracic Interventions
12. Thoracic Organ Transplantation: Heart and Lung
13. Monitoring and Life-Support Equipment
Section V – Pharmacology
14. Cardiovascular Medications
15. Pulmonary Medications
Section VI – Cardiopulmonary Assessment and Intervention
16. Examination and Assessment Procedures
17. Interventions for Acute Cardiopulmonary Conditions
18. Interventions and Prevention Measures for Individuals with Cardiovascular Disease or Risk of
Disease
,19. Pulmonary Rehabilitation
20. Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy
21. The Lymphatic System
22. Outcome Measures: A Guide for the Evidence-Based Practice of Cardiopulmonary Physical
Therapy
, Hillegass: Essentials Of Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy, 4th Edition
Chapter 1: Anatomy Of The Cardiovascular And Pulmonary Systems
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. Which Of The Following Chest Wall Structures Is Located Level With The Second Costal
Cartilage Anteriorly And Thoracic Vertebra T4 And T5 Posteriorly?
A. Sternal Angle
B. Jugular Notch
C. Xiphoid Process
D. Third Costal Cartilage
ANSWER: A
The Sternal Angle Of The “Angle Of Louis” Is Level With The Second Costal Cartilage
Anteriorly And Thoracic Vertebrae T4 And T5 Posteriorly.
Pts: 1
2. Pectus Excuvatum Is Best Described As:
A. Deformity Of The Sternum Caused By Trauma
B. Caved-In Appearance Of The Chest
C. Diminished Rib Angle Anteriorly
D. Conical Shape Of The Thoracic Cage
ANSWER: B
Pectus Excuvatum Is A Common Congenital Deformity Of The Anterior Wall Of The Chest,
In Which Several Ribs And The Sternum Grow Abnormally; It Produces A Caved-In Or
Sunken Appearance Of The Chest.
Pts: 1
3. The True Ribs Are Best Defined By Which Of The Following Statements?
A. Vertebrochondral Ribs
B. Vertebrosternal Ribs
C. Ribs 11 And 12
D. Ribs 8, 9, And 10
ANSWER: B
The First Seven Ribs Attach Via Their Costal Cartilages To The Sternum And Are Called The
True Ribs (Also Known As The Vertebrosternal Ribs).
Pts: 1
, Test Bank 1-5
4. Which Of The Following Interventions Is Most Appropriate For A Patient With Lower Rib
Fractures?
A. Short, Shallow Breaths
B. Pursed Lip Breathing
C. Deep Breaths With Splinting
D. Breathing With Arms Raised
ANSWER: C
It Is Important For All Therapists To Recommend Breathing (Deep Breathing), Splinting (I.E.,
Pillow), And Coughing Strategies For Patients With Rib Fractures.
Pts: 1
5. Which Of The Following Positions Facilitates Greater Excursion Of Both Hemidiaphragms At
Rest?
A. Supine Position
B. Sidelying Position
C. Standing Position
D. Sitting Position
ANSWER: A
In The Supine Position, Without The Effects Of Gravity, The Level Of The Diaphragm In The
Thoracic Cavity Rises. This Allows For A Relatively Greater Excursion.
Pts: 1
6. Which Of The Following Muscles Help To Achieve The Active Process Of Inspiration At Rest?
A. Sternocleidomastoid
B. Diaphragm
C. Abdominal Muscles
D. Trapezius
ANSWER: B
The Diaphragm And Internal Intercostals (Intercartilaginous Portion) Are The Essential Muscles
To Achieve The Active Process Of Inspiration At Rest. Abdominal Muscles Assist With
Expiration. The Sternocleidomastoid And Trapezius Are Accessory Muscles And Assist With A
More Forceful Inspiration.
Pts: 1
7. Which Of The Following Accessory Muscles Of Ventilation Function To Elevate And Fix The
First And Second Ribs?
A. Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
B. Serratus Anterior
C. Latissimus Dorsi
D. Scalene
Muscle
Copyright ©2011, 2001, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
, Test Bank 1-6
ANSWER: D
The Scalene Muscles Lie Deep To The Sternocleidomastoid, But May Be Palpated In The
Posterior Triangle Of The Neck. These Muscles Function As A Unit To Elevate And Fix The
First And Second Ribs. The Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Elevates The Sternum.
Pts: 1
8. When The Arms And Shoulders Are Fixed, By Leaning On The Elbows Or Grasping Onto A
Table, This Muscle Can Use Its Insertion As Its Origin And Facilitate An Increase In The A-P
Diameter Of The Thorax.
A. Upper Trapezius
B. Pectoralis Major
C. Sternocleidomastoid
D. Serratus Anterior
ANSWER: B
When The Insertion And Origin Of The Pectoralis Muscle Are Reversed By Leaning On A
Table To Fix The Arms, The Muscle Will Pull On The Anterior Chest Wall, Lifting The Ribs
And Sternum To Increase The A-P Diameter Of The Thoracic Cage.
Pts: 1
9. The Serous Fluid Within The Pleural Space Serves To Provide Which Of The Following
Functions?
A. Create A Constant Negative Pressure
B. Assist With Venous Return Of Blood To The Heart
C. Reduce Friction Between The Lungs And Thoracic Wall
D. Serve To Allow Separation Of The Pleural Layers
ANSWER: C
The Serous Fluid Within The Pleural Space Serves To Hold The Pleural Layers Together During
Ventilation And Reduce Friction Between The Lungs And The Thoracic Wall. The Space Creates
The Negative Pressure To Maintain Lung Inflation, Not The Fluid Itself.
Pts: 1
10. Irritation Of The Phrenic Supplied Pleura Results In Which Of The Following Pain Referral
Patterns?
A. Thoracic Wall
B. Abdominal Wall
C. Mediasternal Region
D. Lower Neck And Shoulder
ANSWER: D
Irritation Of The Phrenic Supplied Pleura Can Result In Referred Pain In The Lower Neck And
Shoulder, Whereas, Irritation Of The Intercostally Innervated Pleura May Result In Referral Of
Pain To The Thoracic Or Abdominal Wall.
Pts: 1
Copyright ©2011, 2001, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
, Test Bank 1-7
11. An Abnormal Pleural Friction Rub On Auscultation Best Indicates Which Of The Following?
A. Infection With A Resultant Inflammatory Response Within The Pleura
B. A Buildup Of Fluid In The Pleural Space Following Cardiothoracic Surgery
C. The Presence Of Blood In The Pleural Space
D. A Bacterial Infection With Resultant Pus In The Pleural Space
ANSWER: A
Infection With A Resultant Inflammatory Response Within The Pleura Is Termed Pleuritis Or
Pleurisy And Is Best Appreciated Through The Presence Of Pleural Chest Pain And An
Abnormal Pleural Friction Rub On Auscultation. A Buildup Of Fluid, Blood, Or Air In The
Space Would Result In Diminished Or Absent Breath Sounds In The Area.
Pts: 1
12. The Presence Of Four Segments (Anterior Basal, Superior Basal, Lateral Basal, Posterior
Basal) Best Describes Which Of The Following Lobes?
A. Right Upper Lobe
B. Left Upper Lobe
C. Right Middle Lobe
D. Right Lower Lobe
ANSWER: D
The Lowermost Lobe, The Right Lower Lobe, Consist Of Four Segments (Anterior Basal,
Superior Basal, Lateral Basal, Posterior Basal).
Pts: 1
13. The Physical Therapist Performs Auscultation Of The Lateral Portion Of Right Middle Lobe.
Which Of The Following Stethoscope Locations Best Identifies This Lung Segment?
A. Adjacent To The 5th Rib Lateral Right Chest Wall
B. Adjacent To 4th–5th Rib Posterior Right Chest Wall
C. Adjacent To The 4th Rib Lateral Right Chest Wall
D. Adjacent To The 8th Thoracic Vertebra Lateral Chest Wall
ANSWER: A
The Right Middle Lobe Is Subdivided Into The Lateral And Medial Lobes. This Lobe Is The
Smallest Of The Three Lobes. Its Inferior Border Is Adjacent To The Fifth Rib Laterally And
Sixth Rib Medially.
Pts: 1
14. The Best Reason Why A Physical Therapist Should Acquire An Understanding Of The Various
Lobes And Segments And Their Anatomical Orientation Is Which Of The Following?
A. Provide Tactile Feedback For Segmental Breathing
B. Placement Of A Stethoscope For Auscultation
C. Perform Appropriate Positioning During Pulmonary Hygiene
D. Educate Patients On Best Positioning During
Coughing ANSWER: C
Copyright ©2011, 2001, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
, Test Bank 1-8
An Understanding Of The Various Lobes And Segments And Their Anatomical Orientation Is
Important For Placement Of A Stethoscope During Auscultation, But Is More Essential When
The Therapist Is Using Positions To Facilitate Removal Of Secretions From Various Aspects Of
The Lung During Bronchopulmonary Hygiene Intervention.
Pts: 1
15. Which Of The Following Upper Respiratory Structures Provide Humidification?
A. Nasopharynx
B. Pharynx
C. Larynx
D. Nasal Cavity
ANSWER: D
The Primary Respiratory Functions Of The Nasal Cavity Include Air Conduction, Filtration,
Humidification, And Temperature Control.
Pts: 1
16. During The Administration Of Suctioning Procedures, Which Of The Following May
Cause An Adverse Response In The Patient?
A. An Elicited Parasympathetic Response
B. The Catheter Is Inserted To The Carina Level
C. A Cough Is Stimulated
D. The Use Of A Nasal Trumpet During Suctioning
ANSWER: A
During Suctioning Procedures, The Catheter Is Inserted To The Level Of The Carina. When
The Catheter Is In Contact With The Carina, A Cough Is Ensued Along With A Strong
Parasympathetic Response. The Parasympathetic Response May Cause A Decrease In Heart
Rate And Oxygen Levels.
Pts: 1
17. Which Of The Following Lung Architecture Characteristics Creates An Increased
Susceptibility For Aspiration In The Lung?
A. A Left Main Stem Angle Of 40 To 60 Degrees From The Trachea
B. A Right Main Stem Angle Of 25 Degrees From The Trachea
C. A Length Of 2 Inches From The Trachea To The Lung
D. A Length Of 1 Inch From The Trachea To The Lung
ANSWER: B
The 25-Degree Angle Of The Right Main Stem From The Trachea Predisposes Foreign Objects,
Food, And Fluids To Enter The Right Lung. Thus Aspiration Is Relatively More Common In The
Right Lung As Compared To The Left Lung.
Pts: 1
18. Smoking Specifically Diminishes The Function Of Which Type Of Cells In The Bronchial
Epithelium?
Copyright ©2011, 2001, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
ESSENTIALS OF CARDIOPULMONARY
PHYSICAL THERAPY
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section I – Anatomy and Physiology
1. Anatomy of the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems
2. Physiology of the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems
Section II – Pathophysiology
3. Ischemic Cardiovascular Conditions and Other Vascular Pathologies
4. Cardiac Muscle Dysfunction and Failure
5. Restrictive Lung Dysfunction
6. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
7. Cardiopulmonary Implications of Specific Diseases
Section III – Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
8. Cardiovascular Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
9. Electrocardiography
10. Pulmonary Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
Section IV – Surgical Interventions, Monitoring, and Support
11. Cardiovascular and Thoracic Interventions
12. Thoracic Organ Transplantation: Heart and Lung
13. Monitoring and Life-Support Equipment
Section V – Pharmacology
14. Cardiovascular Medications
15. Pulmonary Medications
Section VI – Cardiopulmonary Assessment and Intervention
16. Examination and Assessment Procedures
17. Interventions for Acute Cardiopulmonary Conditions
18. Interventions and Prevention Measures for Individuals with Cardiovascular Disease or Risk of
Disease
,19. Pulmonary Rehabilitation
20. Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy
21. The Lymphatic System
22. Outcome Measures: A Guide for the Evidence-Based Practice of Cardiopulmonary Physical
Therapy
, Hillegass: Essentials Of Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy, 4th Edition
Chapter 1: Anatomy Of The Cardiovascular And Pulmonary Systems
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. Which Of The Following Chest Wall Structures Is Located Level With The Second Costal
Cartilage Anteriorly And Thoracic Vertebra T4 And T5 Posteriorly?
A. Sternal Angle
B. Jugular Notch
C. Xiphoid Process
D. Third Costal Cartilage
ANSWER: A
The Sternal Angle Of The “Angle Of Louis” Is Level With The Second Costal Cartilage
Anteriorly And Thoracic Vertebrae T4 And T5 Posteriorly.
Pts: 1
2. Pectus Excuvatum Is Best Described As:
A. Deformity Of The Sternum Caused By Trauma
B. Caved-In Appearance Of The Chest
C. Diminished Rib Angle Anteriorly
D. Conical Shape Of The Thoracic Cage
ANSWER: B
Pectus Excuvatum Is A Common Congenital Deformity Of The Anterior Wall Of The Chest,
In Which Several Ribs And The Sternum Grow Abnormally; It Produces A Caved-In Or
Sunken Appearance Of The Chest.
Pts: 1
3. The True Ribs Are Best Defined By Which Of The Following Statements?
A. Vertebrochondral Ribs
B. Vertebrosternal Ribs
C. Ribs 11 And 12
D. Ribs 8, 9, And 10
ANSWER: B
The First Seven Ribs Attach Via Their Costal Cartilages To The Sternum And Are Called The
True Ribs (Also Known As The Vertebrosternal Ribs).
Pts: 1
, Test Bank 1-5
4. Which Of The Following Interventions Is Most Appropriate For A Patient With Lower Rib
Fractures?
A. Short, Shallow Breaths
B. Pursed Lip Breathing
C. Deep Breaths With Splinting
D. Breathing With Arms Raised
ANSWER: C
It Is Important For All Therapists To Recommend Breathing (Deep Breathing), Splinting (I.E.,
Pillow), And Coughing Strategies For Patients With Rib Fractures.
Pts: 1
5. Which Of The Following Positions Facilitates Greater Excursion Of Both Hemidiaphragms At
Rest?
A. Supine Position
B. Sidelying Position
C. Standing Position
D. Sitting Position
ANSWER: A
In The Supine Position, Without The Effects Of Gravity, The Level Of The Diaphragm In The
Thoracic Cavity Rises. This Allows For A Relatively Greater Excursion.
Pts: 1
6. Which Of The Following Muscles Help To Achieve The Active Process Of Inspiration At Rest?
A. Sternocleidomastoid
B. Diaphragm
C. Abdominal Muscles
D. Trapezius
ANSWER: B
The Diaphragm And Internal Intercostals (Intercartilaginous Portion) Are The Essential Muscles
To Achieve The Active Process Of Inspiration At Rest. Abdominal Muscles Assist With
Expiration. The Sternocleidomastoid And Trapezius Are Accessory Muscles And Assist With A
More Forceful Inspiration.
Pts: 1
7. Which Of The Following Accessory Muscles Of Ventilation Function To Elevate And Fix The
First And Second Ribs?
A. Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
B. Serratus Anterior
C. Latissimus Dorsi
D. Scalene
Muscle
Copyright ©2011, 2001, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
, Test Bank 1-6
ANSWER: D
The Scalene Muscles Lie Deep To The Sternocleidomastoid, But May Be Palpated In The
Posterior Triangle Of The Neck. These Muscles Function As A Unit To Elevate And Fix The
First And Second Ribs. The Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Elevates The Sternum.
Pts: 1
8. When The Arms And Shoulders Are Fixed, By Leaning On The Elbows Or Grasping Onto A
Table, This Muscle Can Use Its Insertion As Its Origin And Facilitate An Increase In The A-P
Diameter Of The Thorax.
A. Upper Trapezius
B. Pectoralis Major
C. Sternocleidomastoid
D. Serratus Anterior
ANSWER: B
When The Insertion And Origin Of The Pectoralis Muscle Are Reversed By Leaning On A
Table To Fix The Arms, The Muscle Will Pull On The Anterior Chest Wall, Lifting The Ribs
And Sternum To Increase The A-P Diameter Of The Thoracic Cage.
Pts: 1
9. The Serous Fluid Within The Pleural Space Serves To Provide Which Of The Following
Functions?
A. Create A Constant Negative Pressure
B. Assist With Venous Return Of Blood To The Heart
C. Reduce Friction Between The Lungs And Thoracic Wall
D. Serve To Allow Separation Of The Pleural Layers
ANSWER: C
The Serous Fluid Within The Pleural Space Serves To Hold The Pleural Layers Together During
Ventilation And Reduce Friction Between The Lungs And The Thoracic Wall. The Space Creates
The Negative Pressure To Maintain Lung Inflation, Not The Fluid Itself.
Pts: 1
10. Irritation Of The Phrenic Supplied Pleura Results In Which Of The Following Pain Referral
Patterns?
A. Thoracic Wall
B. Abdominal Wall
C. Mediasternal Region
D. Lower Neck And Shoulder
ANSWER: D
Irritation Of The Phrenic Supplied Pleura Can Result In Referred Pain In The Lower Neck And
Shoulder, Whereas, Irritation Of The Intercostally Innervated Pleura May Result In Referral Of
Pain To The Thoracic Or Abdominal Wall.
Pts: 1
Copyright ©2011, 2001, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
, Test Bank 1-7
11. An Abnormal Pleural Friction Rub On Auscultation Best Indicates Which Of The Following?
A. Infection With A Resultant Inflammatory Response Within The Pleura
B. A Buildup Of Fluid In The Pleural Space Following Cardiothoracic Surgery
C. The Presence Of Blood In The Pleural Space
D. A Bacterial Infection With Resultant Pus In The Pleural Space
ANSWER: A
Infection With A Resultant Inflammatory Response Within The Pleura Is Termed Pleuritis Or
Pleurisy And Is Best Appreciated Through The Presence Of Pleural Chest Pain And An
Abnormal Pleural Friction Rub On Auscultation. A Buildup Of Fluid, Blood, Or Air In The
Space Would Result In Diminished Or Absent Breath Sounds In The Area.
Pts: 1
12. The Presence Of Four Segments (Anterior Basal, Superior Basal, Lateral Basal, Posterior
Basal) Best Describes Which Of The Following Lobes?
A. Right Upper Lobe
B. Left Upper Lobe
C. Right Middle Lobe
D. Right Lower Lobe
ANSWER: D
The Lowermost Lobe, The Right Lower Lobe, Consist Of Four Segments (Anterior Basal,
Superior Basal, Lateral Basal, Posterior Basal).
Pts: 1
13. The Physical Therapist Performs Auscultation Of The Lateral Portion Of Right Middle Lobe.
Which Of The Following Stethoscope Locations Best Identifies This Lung Segment?
A. Adjacent To The 5th Rib Lateral Right Chest Wall
B. Adjacent To 4th–5th Rib Posterior Right Chest Wall
C. Adjacent To The 4th Rib Lateral Right Chest Wall
D. Adjacent To The 8th Thoracic Vertebra Lateral Chest Wall
ANSWER: A
The Right Middle Lobe Is Subdivided Into The Lateral And Medial Lobes. This Lobe Is The
Smallest Of The Three Lobes. Its Inferior Border Is Adjacent To The Fifth Rib Laterally And
Sixth Rib Medially.
Pts: 1
14. The Best Reason Why A Physical Therapist Should Acquire An Understanding Of The Various
Lobes And Segments And Their Anatomical Orientation Is Which Of The Following?
A. Provide Tactile Feedback For Segmental Breathing
B. Placement Of A Stethoscope For Auscultation
C. Perform Appropriate Positioning During Pulmonary Hygiene
D. Educate Patients On Best Positioning During
Coughing ANSWER: C
Copyright ©2011, 2001, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
, Test Bank 1-8
An Understanding Of The Various Lobes And Segments And Their Anatomical Orientation Is
Important For Placement Of A Stethoscope During Auscultation, But Is More Essential When
The Therapist Is Using Positions To Facilitate Removal Of Secretions From Various Aspects Of
The Lung During Bronchopulmonary Hygiene Intervention.
Pts: 1
15. Which Of The Following Upper Respiratory Structures Provide Humidification?
A. Nasopharynx
B. Pharynx
C. Larynx
D. Nasal Cavity
ANSWER: D
The Primary Respiratory Functions Of The Nasal Cavity Include Air Conduction, Filtration,
Humidification, And Temperature Control.
Pts: 1
16. During The Administration Of Suctioning Procedures, Which Of The Following May
Cause An Adverse Response In The Patient?
A. An Elicited Parasympathetic Response
B. The Catheter Is Inserted To The Carina Level
C. A Cough Is Stimulated
D. The Use Of A Nasal Trumpet During Suctioning
ANSWER: A
During Suctioning Procedures, The Catheter Is Inserted To The Level Of The Carina. When
The Catheter Is In Contact With The Carina, A Cough Is Ensued Along With A Strong
Parasympathetic Response. The Parasympathetic Response May Cause A Decrease In Heart
Rate And Oxygen Levels.
Pts: 1
17. Which Of The Following Lung Architecture Characteristics Creates An Increased
Susceptibility For Aspiration In The Lung?
A. A Left Main Stem Angle Of 40 To 60 Degrees From The Trachea
B. A Right Main Stem Angle Of 25 Degrees From The Trachea
C. A Length Of 2 Inches From The Trachea To The Lung
D. A Length Of 1 Inch From The Trachea To The Lung
ANSWER: B
The 25-Degree Angle Of The Right Main Stem From The Trachea Predisposes Foreign Objects,
Food, And Fluids To Enter The Right Lung. Thus Aspiration Is Relatively More Common In The
Right Lung As Compared To The Left Lung.
Pts: 1
18. Smoking Specifically Diminishes The Function Of Which Type Of Cells In The Bronchial
Epithelium?
Copyright ©2011, 2001, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
