Comprehensive Case Study 72-Year-Old Male, 165 cm, 75.9 kg Reason for Encounter: Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath) Location: Outpatient Clinic with X-ray, ECG, and Laboratory Support i-Human Case Analysis |

This i-Human case study presents a 72-year-old male patient (165 cm, 75.9 kg) evaluated in an outpatient clinic for dyspnea (shortness of breath). With full access to X-ray, ECG, and laboratory support, the scenario provides a realistic and clinically rich environment for learners to practice diagnostic reasoning. The case challenges students to conduct a thorough history, physical examination, and differential diagnosis process, focusing on distinguishing between cardiac, pulmonary, and systemic causes of shortness of breath in an elderly patient. Learners are expected to analyze findings such as chest imaging, cardiac rhythm changes, and laboratory biomarkers (BNP, troponin, CBC, ABG) to arrive at an accurate working diagnosis. Core learning outcomes emphasize: Identifying key red-flag symptoms and risk factors in an elderly patient. Interpreting chest X-ray for signs of heart failure, COPD, or pulmonary congestion. Using ECG findings to assess arrhythmias or ischemia. Applying evidence-based guidelines to management, including oxygen therapy, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and long-term lifestyle interventions. This expert-reviewed case integrates clinical reasoning, problem-solving, and management planning, ensuring that students not only recognize common conditions such as congestive heart failure, COPD exacerbation, or pulmonary embolism, but also learn to evaluate and rule out alternative diagnoses like anemia or interstitial lung disease. By mirroring real-world outpatient practice, this case strengthens skills in differential diagnosis, test interpretation, and patient-centered care planning, making it a valuable educational resource for medical, nursing, and allied health learners.