CNUR 106 Study Guide Exam 2025-
2026 Updated with Correct Solutions.
Theory - Answer a belief or idea that develops based on information or evidence; a proposed
explanation for observed phenomena
Psychoanalytic theory - Answer Freud's theory of the development of personality; emphasis
on the role of the unconscious
Psychosexual stages - Answer Freud's five distinct stages of development in which a pleasure
center must be satisfied in order for the individual to resolve the inner conflicts relating to his or
her wants or needs
Defense mechanisms - Answer psychological strategies to cope with anxiety or perceived
threats
Repression - Answer a defense mechanism in which traumatic and unacceptable thoughts and
memories are removed from consciousness and pushed to the unconscious level
Id - Answer Freud's structure of mind relating to our basic instincts; strikes to secure pleasure
Ego - Answer Freud's notion of the central part of our personality; keeps id in check
Superego - Answer Freud's concept of our conscience; internal determinant of right and
wrong
Psychosocial theory - Answer Erikson's stage theory that emphasizes the impact of social
experiences throughout human development
Life crisis - Answer Erik son's term to describe the main tension that individuals experience
and seek to resolve during each of eight life stages
Identity crisis - Answer Erik son's term for a situation, usually in adolescence, that causes us to
make major decisions about our identity
, Cognitive structures - Answer Piaget's term to describe the basic tools of cognitive
development
Adaptation - Answer a mechanism that consists of the two functional invariants- assimilation
and accommodation- in Piaget's theory
Assimilation - Answer Piaget's term to describe the manner in which we incorporate date into
our cognitive structures
Accommodation - Answer Piaget's term to describe the manner by which cognitive structures
change
Equilibration - Answer Piaget's term to describe the balance between assimilation and
accommodation
Schemes - Answer Piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and action
Zone of proximal development (ZPD) - Answer Vygotsky's term for a range of ability in a given
task, where the higher limit is achieved through interaction with others
Information-processing theory - Answer cognitive theory that uses a computer metaphor to
understand how the human mind processes information
Classical conditioning - Answer the learning process in which a neutral stimulus produces an
involuntary response that is usually elicited by another stimulus
Positive reinforcement - Answer an event that increases the likelihood of a desired response in
the future
Negative reinforcement - Answer an event that, when it ceases to occur, makes that response
more likely to happen in the future
Operant conditioning - Answer the use of consequences (reinforcement, punishment) to
modify or shape voluntary behaviour or actions
2026 Updated with Correct Solutions.
Theory - Answer a belief or idea that develops based on information or evidence; a proposed
explanation for observed phenomena
Psychoanalytic theory - Answer Freud's theory of the development of personality; emphasis
on the role of the unconscious
Psychosexual stages - Answer Freud's five distinct stages of development in which a pleasure
center must be satisfied in order for the individual to resolve the inner conflicts relating to his or
her wants or needs
Defense mechanisms - Answer psychological strategies to cope with anxiety or perceived
threats
Repression - Answer a defense mechanism in which traumatic and unacceptable thoughts and
memories are removed from consciousness and pushed to the unconscious level
Id - Answer Freud's structure of mind relating to our basic instincts; strikes to secure pleasure
Ego - Answer Freud's notion of the central part of our personality; keeps id in check
Superego - Answer Freud's concept of our conscience; internal determinant of right and
wrong
Psychosocial theory - Answer Erikson's stage theory that emphasizes the impact of social
experiences throughout human development
Life crisis - Answer Erik son's term to describe the main tension that individuals experience
and seek to resolve during each of eight life stages
Identity crisis - Answer Erik son's term for a situation, usually in adolescence, that causes us to
make major decisions about our identity
, Cognitive structures - Answer Piaget's term to describe the basic tools of cognitive
development
Adaptation - Answer a mechanism that consists of the two functional invariants- assimilation
and accommodation- in Piaget's theory
Assimilation - Answer Piaget's term to describe the manner in which we incorporate date into
our cognitive structures
Accommodation - Answer Piaget's term to describe the manner by which cognitive structures
change
Equilibration - Answer Piaget's term to describe the balance between assimilation and
accommodation
Schemes - Answer Piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and action
Zone of proximal development (ZPD) - Answer Vygotsky's term for a range of ability in a given
task, where the higher limit is achieved through interaction with others
Information-processing theory - Answer cognitive theory that uses a computer metaphor to
understand how the human mind processes information
Classical conditioning - Answer the learning process in which a neutral stimulus produces an
involuntary response that is usually elicited by another stimulus
Positive reinforcement - Answer an event that increases the likelihood of a desired response in
the future
Negative reinforcement - Answer an event that, when it ceases to occur, makes that response
more likely to happen in the future
Operant conditioning - Answer the use of consequences (reinforcement, punishment) to
modify or shape voluntary behaviour or actions
