NUR631 / NUR 631 Final Exam: Advanced
Physiology and Pathophysiology Exam |
Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct
| Updated 2025/2026 Guide | GCU
Free Radicals
- Correct Answer - 3 major effects:
∙lipid peroxidation
∙oxidative modification of proteins
∙DNA effects
Cell death - Correct Answer - cells either die via apoptosis or necrosis
both start the same → cells form blebs
the difference is that blebs break down into smaller, more manageable
pieces in apoptosis, while in necrosis the blebs fuse and become larger
and then the membrane ruptures
Apoptosis
- Correct Answer - programmed cell death
very clean, very easy
rapidly cleared so it does not elicit an inflammatory response
propagated by a family of proteases called caspases
,intrinsic pathway → something happens w/in cell that makes cell
recognize it must die
∙elicited through mitochondria, will turn on caspases
extrinsic pathway → something outside of the cell recognizes that that
cell needs to go (old, too many cells, etc.)
∙have factors coming to cell from outside
∙apoptosis elicited through receptors on cellular membrane
Necrosis - Correct Answer - unscheduled, unregulated cellular death
contents of cell spilled into tissue → debris can damage other cells
elicits an inflammatory response
in general, you get depolarization of membrane that allows calcium to
enter, causes lysosome rupture and allows cathepsin release
end product can be grangrene
Apoptosis in Physiology - Correct Answer - removal of proliferating cell
populations (intestinal epithelia)
death of host cells that have served their useful purpose
embryogenesis (Webbing b/w the toes)
,control of immune cell numbers
hormone-dependent involution of endometrial cells during menstrual
cycle
Apoptosis in Pathophysiology - Correct Answer - growth of cancers
viral infections
neurodegenerative disorders
Gangrene - Correct Answer - Dry gangrene
∙any time you interfere with arterial blood supply
∙almost always found in extremities (specifically lower extremities)
∙turns black b/c bacteria growth takes iron from heme and turns it into
iron sulfide (which is black)
∙can be caused by atherosclerosis, neuropathy
Wet gangrene
∙any time you interfere with venous blood supply
∙stagnation of blood causes bacterial growth
∙forms very cold, black tissue
, ∙usually found in patients with bed sores (commonly in sacral region)
HBsAG - Correct Answer - hepatitis B is a DNA hepadnavirus
∙blood borne pathogen
transmitted by inoculation of infected blood or by sexual contact
∙present in saliva, semen and vaginal secretions
highest risk groups include patients and staff at hemodialysis centers,
physicians, dentists, nurses, and personal working in clinical and
pathology labs and blood banks
half of all patients with acute hepatitis B have previously been
incarcerated or treated for an STD
HBV - Correct Answer - two major pathophysiologic mechanisms of liver
injury
∙direct cellular injury by the virus
∙induction of the immune response
Clinical signs of inflammation of liver - Correct Answer - fatigue
hepatomegaly
Physiology and Pathophysiology Exam |
Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct
| Updated 2025/2026 Guide | GCU
Free Radicals
- Correct Answer - 3 major effects:
∙lipid peroxidation
∙oxidative modification of proteins
∙DNA effects
Cell death - Correct Answer - cells either die via apoptosis or necrosis
both start the same → cells form blebs
the difference is that blebs break down into smaller, more manageable
pieces in apoptosis, while in necrosis the blebs fuse and become larger
and then the membrane ruptures
Apoptosis
- Correct Answer - programmed cell death
very clean, very easy
rapidly cleared so it does not elicit an inflammatory response
propagated by a family of proteases called caspases
,intrinsic pathway → something happens w/in cell that makes cell
recognize it must die
∙elicited through mitochondria, will turn on caspases
extrinsic pathway → something outside of the cell recognizes that that
cell needs to go (old, too many cells, etc.)
∙have factors coming to cell from outside
∙apoptosis elicited through receptors on cellular membrane
Necrosis - Correct Answer - unscheduled, unregulated cellular death
contents of cell spilled into tissue → debris can damage other cells
elicits an inflammatory response
in general, you get depolarization of membrane that allows calcium to
enter, causes lysosome rupture and allows cathepsin release
end product can be grangrene
Apoptosis in Physiology - Correct Answer - removal of proliferating cell
populations (intestinal epithelia)
death of host cells that have served their useful purpose
embryogenesis (Webbing b/w the toes)
,control of immune cell numbers
hormone-dependent involution of endometrial cells during menstrual
cycle
Apoptosis in Pathophysiology - Correct Answer - growth of cancers
viral infections
neurodegenerative disorders
Gangrene - Correct Answer - Dry gangrene
∙any time you interfere with arterial blood supply
∙almost always found in extremities (specifically lower extremities)
∙turns black b/c bacteria growth takes iron from heme and turns it into
iron sulfide (which is black)
∙can be caused by atherosclerosis, neuropathy
Wet gangrene
∙any time you interfere with venous blood supply
∙stagnation of blood causes bacterial growth
∙forms very cold, black tissue
, ∙usually found in patients with bed sores (commonly in sacral region)
HBsAG - Correct Answer - hepatitis B is a DNA hepadnavirus
∙blood borne pathogen
transmitted by inoculation of infected blood or by sexual contact
∙present in saliva, semen and vaginal secretions
highest risk groups include patients and staff at hemodialysis centers,
physicians, dentists, nurses, and personal working in clinical and
pathology labs and blood banks
half of all patients with acute hepatitis B have previously been
incarcerated or treated for an STD
HBV - Correct Answer - two major pathophysiologic mechanisms of liver
injury
∙direct cellular injury by the virus
∙induction of the immune response
Clinical signs of inflammation of liver - Correct Answer - fatigue
hepatomegaly
