PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 2 3 & 4 FINAL
EXAM WITH VERIFIED AND APPROVED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWER WITH BEST
SOLUTIONS BEST GRADE A+
Which of the following disorders are autosomal recessive? Select all that apply.
A. Huntington disease
B. Down syndrome
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Familial adenomatous polyposis
E. Gaucher disease - -answer--E. Gaucher disease & C. Cystic Fibrosis
Which of the following conditions results from aneuploidy? Select all that apply.
A. Cystic fibrosis
B. Down syndrome
C. Marfan syndrome
D. Klinefelter syndrome
E. Familial hypercholesterolemia - -answer--B. Down syndrome & D. Klinefelter
syndrome
At the end of mitosis how many chromosomes are there?
A. 23
B. 46
C. 52
D. 21 - -answer--B. 46
Which statement is true for meiosis?
A. Meiosis occurs from the splitting of haploid cells
B. Meiosis creates 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes
C. Meiosis creates somatic cells
D. Meiosis creates gametes - -answer--D. Meiosis creates gametes
What is this an example of: Blonde hair, blue eyes, pale skin, short stature, etc. - -
answer--Phenotype
Which of the following relate to a change in cell size? Select all that apply.
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
,D. Dysplasia
E. Hypertrophy - -answer--C and E
An echocardiogram reveals Charles, an ultramarathon runner, has an enlarged left
ventricle. As this increase in ventricle size is supported by increased blood flow and
ATP production due to the training Charles has undertaken this increase in heart
size demonstrates _______________.
A. Physiological hyperplasia
B. Pathological hypertrophy
C. Physiological hypertrophy
D. Benign neoplasia
E. Pathological metaplasia - -answer--C. Physiological hypertrophy
A friend comes to you concerned, as her recent Pap tests revealed the presence of
cervical dysplasia. Which of the following response to your friend's comment is
correct?
A. Dysplasia is basically the same as cancer
B. Dysplasia indicates a change in the cellular appearance
C. Dysplasia indicates cancer cells have metastasized
D. Dysplasia indicates a benign form of cancerous growth
E. Dysplasia indicates one cell type has been replaced by another cell type - -
answer--B. Dysplasia indicates a change in the cellular appearance
Cell injury occurs when cells are exposed to severe stress that no longer allows
them to maintain homeostasis. What basic changes occur as a result of cell injury?
Select all that apply.
A. Inadequate oxygen diffusion at the alveoli
B. Increase in mitochondria number
C. Cellular swelling
D. Defects in protein synthesis
E. Dysfunction of the sodium-potassium pump - -answer--C. Cellular swelling, D.
Defects in protein synthesis, & E. Dysfunction in the sodium potassium pump
Which of the following are examples of necrosis? Select all that apply.
A. Cellular turnover at the surface of the skin
B. Third-degree burn
C. Changes in ovarian cells during menopause
D. Myocardial cell damage caused by myocardial infarction
E. Cell death caused by exposure to snake venom - -answer--B. Third-degree burn,
D. Myocardial cell damage caused by myocardial infarction, & E. Cell death caused
by exposure to snake venom
Where does transcription take place? - -answer--Nucleus
Where does translation take place? - -answer--Cytoplasm
What is this an example of: Sickle cell disease, Down's Syndrome - -answer--
Genotype
,Which statement is true about x-linked recessive
A. The trait is seen more in females
B. The father always gives the trait to the son
C. Females cannot carry the trait
D. The gene is passed from affected fathers to all daughters - -answer--D. The gene
is passed from affected fathers to all daughters
What is etiology? - -answer--Original cause of a cellular alteration or disease
What is histology? - -answer--Microscopic study of tissues and cells
What are pathognomonic changes? - -answer--Unique histological findings that
represent distinct disease processes
Atrophy: - -answer--ADAPTATION in which cells revert to a smaller size as a result
of their changing metabolic requirements or environment
Hypertrophy: - -answer--Increase in individual cell size that results in enlargement of
functioning tissue mass --> greater metabolic demand and energy needs
What is an example of physiological hypertrophy? - -answer--Increased muscle
mass due to exercise; muscle is adequately supplied with blood due to
angiogenesis
What is pathological hypertrophy? - -answer--Increase in cellular size without an
increase in the supportive structures necessary for the enlarged cell's increased
metabolic needs
What is an example of pathological hypertrophy? - -answer--Hypertension
What is hyperplasia and where does it occur? - -answer--Increase in the number of
cells in a tissue or organ; occurs in cells that are capable of undergoing mitotic
division
What is metaplasia? - -answer--Replacement of one cell type by another cell type
Metaplasia often occurs in response to what? - -answer--Chronic inflammation
What is dysplasia? - -answer--Deranged cellular growth within a specific tissue; due
to chronic inflammation or a precancerous condition
What is neoplasia? - -answer--New growth that is usually disorganized,
uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell growth that is cancerous;
tumor=neoplasm
What are examples of cellular injury? - -answer--1. Dysfunction of Na/K Pump
2. Loss of Plasma Membrane Integrity
3. Defects in Protein Synthesis Ability
4. Intracellular Accumulations
5. Genetic Damage
, What are the eight categories of cell injury? - -answer--1. Hypoxic
2. Free radical (oxidative stress)
3. Physical agents
4. Chemical
5. Infectious agent
6. Injurious immunological reactions
7. Genetic defects
8. Nutritional imbalances
Penetrance of a disease is determined by: - -answer--Whether the disorder's
symptoms are clearly evident
Expressivity is based on the symptom's: - -answer--Severity
Familial Hypercholesterolemia: - -answer--Autosomal dominant disorder that causes
severe elevations in total cholesterol and LDL; Homozygous form more dangerous
than heterozygous form; LDL receptors are absent or dysfunctional
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: - -answer--Autosomal dominant inherited disorder
characterized by early onset of hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps
throughout the colon; leads to colon cancer; caused by defective APC gene which
controls apoptosis in the colon
Marfan Syndrome: - -answer--Inherited connective tissue disease resulting from the
mutation of fibrillin-1 on chromosome 15 which results in defective connective tissue
throughout the body
Neurofibromatosis: - -answer--Genetic disorder with cutaneous, neurological, and
orthopedic manifestations; there are two types: NF1 and NF2; NF1 is more common
Which of the following is true regarding Klinefelter syndrome?
A. Represented by XO
B. Affects females only
C. Represented by XXX
D. Represented by XXY
E. Affects both males and females - -answer--D. Represented by XXY
Which treatment options are available to clients with Turner syndrome? Select all
that apply.
A. Enzyme replacement therapy
B. Growth hormone administration
C. Estrogen therapy
D. Insulin therapy
E. Symptomatic treatment - -answer--B. Growth hormone administration, C.
Estrogen Therapy, & E. Symptomatic treatment
EXAM WITH VERIFIED AND APPROVED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWER WITH BEST
SOLUTIONS BEST GRADE A+
Which of the following disorders are autosomal recessive? Select all that apply.
A. Huntington disease
B. Down syndrome
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Familial adenomatous polyposis
E. Gaucher disease - -answer--E. Gaucher disease & C. Cystic Fibrosis
Which of the following conditions results from aneuploidy? Select all that apply.
A. Cystic fibrosis
B. Down syndrome
C. Marfan syndrome
D. Klinefelter syndrome
E. Familial hypercholesterolemia - -answer--B. Down syndrome & D. Klinefelter
syndrome
At the end of mitosis how many chromosomes are there?
A. 23
B. 46
C. 52
D. 21 - -answer--B. 46
Which statement is true for meiosis?
A. Meiosis occurs from the splitting of haploid cells
B. Meiosis creates 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes
C. Meiosis creates somatic cells
D. Meiosis creates gametes - -answer--D. Meiosis creates gametes
What is this an example of: Blonde hair, blue eyes, pale skin, short stature, etc. - -
answer--Phenotype
Which of the following relate to a change in cell size? Select all that apply.
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
,D. Dysplasia
E. Hypertrophy - -answer--C and E
An echocardiogram reveals Charles, an ultramarathon runner, has an enlarged left
ventricle. As this increase in ventricle size is supported by increased blood flow and
ATP production due to the training Charles has undertaken this increase in heart
size demonstrates _______________.
A. Physiological hyperplasia
B. Pathological hypertrophy
C. Physiological hypertrophy
D. Benign neoplasia
E. Pathological metaplasia - -answer--C. Physiological hypertrophy
A friend comes to you concerned, as her recent Pap tests revealed the presence of
cervical dysplasia. Which of the following response to your friend's comment is
correct?
A. Dysplasia is basically the same as cancer
B. Dysplasia indicates a change in the cellular appearance
C. Dysplasia indicates cancer cells have metastasized
D. Dysplasia indicates a benign form of cancerous growth
E. Dysplasia indicates one cell type has been replaced by another cell type - -
answer--B. Dysplasia indicates a change in the cellular appearance
Cell injury occurs when cells are exposed to severe stress that no longer allows
them to maintain homeostasis. What basic changes occur as a result of cell injury?
Select all that apply.
A. Inadequate oxygen diffusion at the alveoli
B. Increase in mitochondria number
C. Cellular swelling
D. Defects in protein synthesis
E. Dysfunction of the sodium-potassium pump - -answer--C. Cellular swelling, D.
Defects in protein synthesis, & E. Dysfunction in the sodium potassium pump
Which of the following are examples of necrosis? Select all that apply.
A. Cellular turnover at the surface of the skin
B. Third-degree burn
C. Changes in ovarian cells during menopause
D. Myocardial cell damage caused by myocardial infarction
E. Cell death caused by exposure to snake venom - -answer--B. Third-degree burn,
D. Myocardial cell damage caused by myocardial infarction, & E. Cell death caused
by exposure to snake venom
Where does transcription take place? - -answer--Nucleus
Where does translation take place? - -answer--Cytoplasm
What is this an example of: Sickle cell disease, Down's Syndrome - -answer--
Genotype
,Which statement is true about x-linked recessive
A. The trait is seen more in females
B. The father always gives the trait to the son
C. Females cannot carry the trait
D. The gene is passed from affected fathers to all daughters - -answer--D. The gene
is passed from affected fathers to all daughters
What is etiology? - -answer--Original cause of a cellular alteration or disease
What is histology? - -answer--Microscopic study of tissues and cells
What are pathognomonic changes? - -answer--Unique histological findings that
represent distinct disease processes
Atrophy: - -answer--ADAPTATION in which cells revert to a smaller size as a result
of their changing metabolic requirements or environment
Hypertrophy: - -answer--Increase in individual cell size that results in enlargement of
functioning tissue mass --> greater metabolic demand and energy needs
What is an example of physiological hypertrophy? - -answer--Increased muscle
mass due to exercise; muscle is adequately supplied with blood due to
angiogenesis
What is pathological hypertrophy? - -answer--Increase in cellular size without an
increase in the supportive structures necessary for the enlarged cell's increased
metabolic needs
What is an example of pathological hypertrophy? - -answer--Hypertension
What is hyperplasia and where does it occur? - -answer--Increase in the number of
cells in a tissue or organ; occurs in cells that are capable of undergoing mitotic
division
What is metaplasia? - -answer--Replacement of one cell type by another cell type
Metaplasia often occurs in response to what? - -answer--Chronic inflammation
What is dysplasia? - -answer--Deranged cellular growth within a specific tissue; due
to chronic inflammation or a precancerous condition
What is neoplasia? - -answer--New growth that is usually disorganized,
uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell growth that is cancerous;
tumor=neoplasm
What are examples of cellular injury? - -answer--1. Dysfunction of Na/K Pump
2. Loss of Plasma Membrane Integrity
3. Defects in Protein Synthesis Ability
4. Intracellular Accumulations
5. Genetic Damage
, What are the eight categories of cell injury? - -answer--1. Hypoxic
2. Free radical (oxidative stress)
3. Physical agents
4. Chemical
5. Infectious agent
6. Injurious immunological reactions
7. Genetic defects
8. Nutritional imbalances
Penetrance of a disease is determined by: - -answer--Whether the disorder's
symptoms are clearly evident
Expressivity is based on the symptom's: - -answer--Severity
Familial Hypercholesterolemia: - -answer--Autosomal dominant disorder that causes
severe elevations in total cholesterol and LDL; Homozygous form more dangerous
than heterozygous form; LDL receptors are absent or dysfunctional
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: - -answer--Autosomal dominant inherited disorder
characterized by early onset of hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps
throughout the colon; leads to colon cancer; caused by defective APC gene which
controls apoptosis in the colon
Marfan Syndrome: - -answer--Inherited connective tissue disease resulting from the
mutation of fibrillin-1 on chromosome 15 which results in defective connective tissue
throughout the body
Neurofibromatosis: - -answer--Genetic disorder with cutaneous, neurological, and
orthopedic manifestations; there are two types: NF1 and NF2; NF1 is more common
Which of the following is true regarding Klinefelter syndrome?
A. Represented by XO
B. Affects females only
C. Represented by XXX
D. Represented by XXY
E. Affects both males and females - -answer--D. Represented by XXY
Which treatment options are available to clients with Turner syndrome? Select all
that apply.
A. Enzyme replacement therapy
B. Growth hormone administration
C. Estrogen therapy
D. Insulin therapy
E. Symptomatic treatment - -answer--B. Growth hormone administration, C.
Estrogen Therapy, & E. Symptomatic treatment
