WGU D236 Pathophysiology
exam test bank with all correct
answers - Megan/Shay’s
What is pulmonary embolism?
A clot that traveled to the pulmonary arterial circulation and causes
obstruction of the arterial blood flow through the lungs.
What are causes of pulmonary embolism?
#Blood clot (Virchow's Triad: stasis of blood, vessel wall damage,
hypercoagulation)
#Fat emboli
#Heart valve vegetation (infective endocarditis)
#Amniotic fluid (pregnancy)
#Air
What are manifestations of pulmonary embolism?
#Dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia
#Chest pain
#Hemoptysis
What is a complication of pulmonary embolism?
Obstructive shock
,What occurs during gas exchange?
Erythropoietin is secreted into the bloodstream.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
Hemoglobin crosses the alveolar membrane to combine with oxygen.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Obstructive disorders, such as ______________ or __________ make it difficult for
the individual to fully exhale carbon dioxide and may also make inhalation
difficult.
asthma, copd
___________________ disorders, such as pneumothorax, make it difficult for the
lungs to fully expand for ventilation.
Restrictive
Disorders of the pulmonary vasculature are often complications from what?
#Coagulation disorders
#Pulmonary obstructive disorders
,#Respiratory infections
What are causes of aspiration? What other disorders pose a significant risk
for aspiration?
Anything that interferes with the epiglottis from closing.
#Fatigue
#Acid reflux
#Loss of mental ability (CVA, altered LOC, MS)
#Loss of muscle tone or coordination
#Pneumonia (bacterial or viral)
Risk: PE, ARDS, HF, Lung CA, TB, GERD
What is atelectasis?
The collapse of a small number of alveoli resulting in reduced gas exchange.
The full inflation of bronchioles is inhibited in this process.
What is hypoxia?
Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues. The gas exchange
across the alveolar membrane is impacted.
What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis?
Viruses (70% of cases)
, What are s/sx of gastroenteritis?
#Diarrhea (watery, usually nonbloody - bloody means you have a different,
more severe infection)
#N/V or both
#Stomach cramps/pain
#Occasional muscle aches/headache
#Low-grade fever
What is cirrhosis and how does it develop?
Liver diseases cause liver cells to become damaged and die. Scar tissue
replaces liver cells and affects the function of the liver leading to cirrhosis.
**In cirrhosis, stellate cells overproduce collagenous fibrous tissue, which
takes over the liver.
What are common causes of cirrhosis?
-ETOH
-Viral hepatitis (HEP C)
- Autoimmune hepatitis
-Drugs and chemicals (aetaminophen or anything else hepatotoxic)
Complications of cirrhosis?
#Ascites
exam test bank with all correct
answers - Megan/Shay’s
What is pulmonary embolism?
A clot that traveled to the pulmonary arterial circulation and causes
obstruction of the arterial blood flow through the lungs.
What are causes of pulmonary embolism?
#Blood clot (Virchow's Triad: stasis of blood, vessel wall damage,
hypercoagulation)
#Fat emboli
#Heart valve vegetation (infective endocarditis)
#Amniotic fluid (pregnancy)
#Air
What are manifestations of pulmonary embolism?
#Dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia
#Chest pain
#Hemoptysis
What is a complication of pulmonary embolism?
Obstructive shock
,What occurs during gas exchange?
Erythropoietin is secreted into the bloodstream.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
Hemoglobin crosses the alveolar membrane to combine with oxygen.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Obstructive disorders, such as ______________ or __________ make it difficult for
the individual to fully exhale carbon dioxide and may also make inhalation
difficult.
asthma, copd
___________________ disorders, such as pneumothorax, make it difficult for the
lungs to fully expand for ventilation.
Restrictive
Disorders of the pulmonary vasculature are often complications from what?
#Coagulation disorders
#Pulmonary obstructive disorders
,#Respiratory infections
What are causes of aspiration? What other disorders pose a significant risk
for aspiration?
Anything that interferes with the epiglottis from closing.
#Fatigue
#Acid reflux
#Loss of mental ability (CVA, altered LOC, MS)
#Loss of muscle tone or coordination
#Pneumonia (bacterial or viral)
Risk: PE, ARDS, HF, Lung CA, TB, GERD
What is atelectasis?
The collapse of a small number of alveoli resulting in reduced gas exchange.
The full inflation of bronchioles is inhibited in this process.
What is hypoxia?
Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues. The gas exchange
across the alveolar membrane is impacted.
What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis?
Viruses (70% of cases)
, What are s/sx of gastroenteritis?
#Diarrhea (watery, usually nonbloody - bloody means you have a different,
more severe infection)
#N/V or both
#Stomach cramps/pain
#Occasional muscle aches/headache
#Low-grade fever
What is cirrhosis and how does it develop?
Liver diseases cause liver cells to become damaged and die. Scar tissue
replaces liver cells and affects the function of the liver leading to cirrhosis.
**In cirrhosis, stellate cells overproduce collagenous fibrous tissue, which
takes over the liver.
What are common causes of cirrhosis?
-ETOH
-Viral hepatitis (HEP C)
- Autoimmune hepatitis
-Drugs and chemicals (aetaminophen or anything else hepatotoxic)
Complications of cirrhosis?
#Ascites
