FRESENIUS PCT NEW HIRE EXAMS
QUESTION AND ANSWER 100% GRADED A+
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow?
✓ (2) Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis?
✓ Removal of waste products, and Regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin?
✓ Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys with important effects on the
regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium balance
Erythropoietin
✓ stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (RBSc).
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D?
✓ The kidney converts Vitamin D to Calcitriol, its activated form. This
activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone health by helping
absorb calcium from foods eaten
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)?
, ✓ No longer produce calcitriol - the active form of Vitamin D o Inadequate or
lacking calcitriol causes demineralization of the bone - bone begins to break
down to release the calcium needed for body functioning No longer excrete
excess phosphorus (PO4) o Phosphorus is found in most foods and beverages
o Increased PO4 levels cause further calcium bone loss
What are the body fluid compartments?
✓ Intracellular-inside the cells • Extracellular-outside the cells • Intravascular-
inside the blood vessels • Interstitial-between the cells
What is homeostasis?
✓ Maintaining a stable internal environment
uremia
✓ build up of waste
What is a semi-permeable membrane?
✓ A membrane made from protein, with small pores or holes. Only certain
molecules can fit through.
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur?
✓ Diffusion will continue throughout the dialysis treatment until the
concentration of each electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the
electrolyte concentration in the dialysate.
What is countercurrent flow?
, ✓ Blood and dialysate flow in opposite directions
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot?
✓ Clotted fibers cause the permeability of the fiber to be reduced or
eliminated, causing a decrease in treatment adequacy. As a result , diffusion
does not occur as particles cannot diffuse across the membrane.
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them?
✓ The blood compartment is separated from the dialysate compartment by a
semi-permeable membrane. The blood and dialysate do not mix together.
What are three types of solutions?
o Hypotonic-containing less particles • Isotonic-containing equal
particles • Hypertonic-containing more particles
When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer?
✓ Patients develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the
first half hour of treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest
pain, rashing, hives, fever, all may be symptoms of dialyzer membrane
allergy, or allergy to the sterilant used in the manufacturing process
What volume should be used for fresh fill/run off?
✓ 50 ml of saline should be drained from the arterial line and 250 ml should be
drained from the venous line
QUESTION AND ANSWER 100% GRADED A+
What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order of urine flow?
✓ (2) Kidneys, (2) ureters, (1) bladder, (1) urethra.
Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis?
✓ Removal of waste products, and Regulation of fluid balance
What is the function of renin?
✓ Renin is a hormone produced by the kidneys with important effects on the
regulation of blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium balance
Erythropoietin
✓ stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (RBSc).
Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D?
✓ The kidney converts Vitamin D to Calcitriol, its activated form. This
activated form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone health by helping
absorb calcium from foods eaten
What causes renal osteodystrophy (bone disease)?
, ✓ No longer produce calcitriol - the active form of Vitamin D o Inadequate or
lacking calcitriol causes demineralization of the bone - bone begins to break
down to release the calcium needed for body functioning No longer excrete
excess phosphorus (PO4) o Phosphorus is found in most foods and beverages
o Increased PO4 levels cause further calcium bone loss
What are the body fluid compartments?
✓ Intracellular-inside the cells • Extracellular-outside the cells • Intravascular-
inside the blood vessels • Interstitial-between the cells
What is homeostasis?
✓ Maintaining a stable internal environment
uremia
✓ build up of waste
What is a semi-permeable membrane?
✓ A membrane made from protein, with small pores or holes. Only certain
molecules can fit through.
At what point during the hemodialysis treatment will diffusion cease to occur?
✓ Diffusion will continue throughout the dialysis treatment until the
concentration of each electrolyte found in the patient's blood is equal to the
electrolyte concentration in the dialysate.
What is countercurrent flow?
, ✓ Blood and dialysate flow in opposite directions
What happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot?
✓ Clotted fibers cause the permeability of the fiber to be reduced or
eliminated, causing a decrease in treatment adequacy. As a result , diffusion
does not occur as particles cannot diffuse across the membrane.
What are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them?
✓ The blood compartment is separated from the dialysate compartment by a
semi-permeable membrane. The blood and dialysate do not mix together.
What are three types of solutions?
o Hypotonic-containing less particles • Isotonic-containing equal
particles • Hypertonic-containing more particles
When is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer?
✓ Patients develop mild to severe reactions in some cases, usually seen the
first half hour of treatment. Sneezing, itching, pain at the access site, chest
pain, rashing, hives, fever, all may be symptoms of dialyzer membrane
allergy, or allergy to the sterilant used in the manufacturing process
What volume should be used for fresh fill/run off?
✓ 50 ml of saline should be drained from the arterial line and 250 ml should be
drained from the venous line
