,Chapter 1 Test A
d d d
MULTIPLEdCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:dThedfollowingdselectionsdrelatedtoddistinguishingdargumentsdfromdnonargumentsd
anddidentifyingdconclusions.dSelectdthedbestdanswerdfordeach.
1. Theredappearsdtodbedadgrowingdhappinessdgapdbetweendmendanddwomen.dWomendtodaydaredworkingd
moredanddrelaxingdless,dwhiledmendaredworkingdlessdanddrelaxingdmore.dFortydyearsdagodadtypicaldwo
mandspentd40dminutesdmoredperdweekdthandthedtypicaldmandperformingdandactivitydconsidereddunplea
sant.dToday,dwithdmendworkingdless,dthedgapdisd90dminutesdanddgrowing.
a. Argument;dconclusion:dTodayd...dthedgapdisd90dminutesdanddgrowing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dFortydyearsdagod...dandactivitydconsidereddunpleasant.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dTheredappearsdtodbed...dbetweendmendanddwomen.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dWomendtodaydaredworkingdmoredanddrelaxingdless.d
ANS:d D PTS:d 2
2. Leaddisdtoxic,dbutddodyoudknowdwhy?dLeaddisdtoxicdmainlydbecauseditdpreferentiallydreplacesdotherdmeta
lsdindbiochemicaldreactions.dIndsoddoingditdinterferesdwithdthedproteinsdthatdregulatedblooddpressured(whic
hdcandcauseddevelopmentddelaysdindchildrendanddhighdblooddpressuredindadults),dhemedproductiond(whic
hdcandleaddtodanemia),danddspermdproduction.dLeaddalsoddisplacesdcalciumdindthedreactionsdthatdtransmit
delectricaldimpulsesdindthedbrain,dwhichddiminishesdthedabilitydtodthinkdanddrecalldinformation.
AnnedMariedHelmstine,d"YourdGuidedtodChemistry"
a. Argument;dconclusion:dItdinterferesdwithdthedproteinsd...danddspermdproduction.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dLeaddisdtoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dItdpreferentiallydreplacesdotherdmetalsdindbiochemicaldreactions.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dLeaddalsoddisplacesdcalciumd...drecalldinformation.d
ANS:d C PTS:d 2
3. Aristotledfocuseddondclarifyingdthedconceptdofdvirtueditself.dHedargueddthatditdwasdvirtuousdtodchoosedthed
properdamountdofdemotiondand/ordactiondcalleddfordindadparticulardsituationdanddthatdextremesdofdemotion
danddactiondweredvices.dIndalldcommunitiesdtheredaredsomedmendofdpracticaldwisdomdwhodhavedthedcapac
itydtodjudgedwisely.dAristotledargueddthatdtheydhavedthedcapacitydtodfollowdthed"rightdrule"dwhateverdtheds
ituation.
DaviddCooper,dValuedPluralismdanddEthicaldChoice
a. Argument;dconclusion:dIndalldcommunitiesd...dcapacitydtodjudgedwisely.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dAristotledfocuseddondclarifyingdthedconceptdofdvirtueditself.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dTheydhavedthedcapacitydtodfollowd...dthedsituation.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dHedargueddthatditdwasdvirtuousd...dweredvices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:d E PTS:d 2
4. Illegaldimmigrantsdpaydlocaldsalesdtaxes,danddmanydofdthemdalsodpaydstate,dlocal,danddfederaldincomedtaxd
anddSocialdSecuritydtax.dTheydalsodpurchaseditemsdfromdlocaldmerchants,dincreasingdthedamountdthesedm
erchantsdpaydindtaxes.dIndaddition,dtheydworkdfordlowdsalaries,dwhichdincreasesdthedearningsdofdtheirdempl
oyersdanddthedamountdofdtaxesdthesedemployersdpay.dThus,ditdisdnotdcorrectdtodsaydthatdillegaldimmigrantsd
contributednothingdtodthedcommunitiesdindwhichdtheydlive.
a. Argument;dconclusion:dItdisdnotdcorrectdtodsayd...dcommunitiesdindwhichdtheydlive.
1
, b. Argument;dconclusion:dTheydworkdfordlowdsalariesd...dthesedemployersdpay.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dIllegaldimmigrantsdpayd...dSocialdSecuritydtax.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dTheydalsodpurchaseditemsd...dpaydindtaxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:d A PTS:d 2
5. Numerousdstudiesdhavedindicateddthatdwomendofdcolor,dblackdwomendindparticular,daredover-
arrested,dover-indicted,danddover-sentenced.dAfrican-
Americandwomendaredsevendtimesdmoredlikelydtodbedarresteddfordprostitutiondthandwomendofdotherdethni
cdgroups.dBlackdwomendhavedreceiveddsignificantlydlongerdsentencesdfordcrimesdagainstdpropertydanddse
rveddlongerdperiodsdindprison.dFordbothdmurderdandddrugdoffenses,dEuroamericandwomendendeddupdservi
ngdone-thirddlessdtimedfordthedsamedoffensesdthandblackdwomen.
NancydKurshan,d"WomendanddImprisonmentdindthedU.S."
a. Argument;dconclusion:dAfrican-Americandwomend...dotherdethnicdgroups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dFordbothdmurderdandddrugdoffensesd...dblackdwomen.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dNumerousdstudiesdhavedindicatedd...dover-sentenced.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dBlackdwomendhavedreceivedd...dlongerdperiodsdindprison.d
ANS:d B PTS:d 2
6. It'sdevendmoredimportantdtheseddaysdthatdyourdcomputerdbedprotecteddbydadfirewall.dTheredaredcriminaldel
ementsdlurkingdindthedshadowsdofdcyberspacedwhodsenddoutdprobesdtoddetectdunprotecteddPCs.dOncedadvu
lnerabledcomputerdisdfound,dthesedcriminalsdinstalldsoftwaredthatdassistsdthemdindcommittingdidentitydthe
ftdanddfencingdstolendIDs.dTheydalsoddefrauddonlinedadvertisersdbydusingdthesedzombiedcomputersdtodvisit
dpay-per-clickdads.
a. Argument;dconclusion:dTheredaredcriminaldelementsd...dtoddetectdunprotecteddPCs.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dOncedadvulnerabledcomputerd...dfencingdstolendIDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dTheydalsoddefraudd...dtodvisitdpay-per-clickdads.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dIt'sdevendmoredimportantd...dprotecteddbydadfirewall.d
ANS:d E PTS:d 2
7. Thedearthdisdofdinterestdtodastronomydfordmanydreasons.dNearlydalldobservationsdmustdbedmadedthroughdth
edatmosphere,danddthedphenomenadofdthedupperdatmospheredanddthedmagnetospheredreflectdthedstatedofdint
erplanetarydspace.dThedearthdisdalsodthedmostdimportantdobjectdofdcomparisondfordplanetologists.
HannudKarttunen,detdal.,dFundamentaldAstronomy
a. Argument;dconclusion:dThedphenomenad...dstatedofdinterplanetarydspace.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dThedearthdisdalsod...dfordplanetologists.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dThedearthdisdofdinterestdtodastronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dNearlydalldobservationsd...dthroughdthedatmosphere.d
ANS:d C PTS:d 2
8. Ifdthedtradedindtigerdproductsdisdbanned,dtigerdreservesdaredguardeddbydwelldequippeddstaff,dcommunitiesda
buttingdtigerdhabitatdaredgivendadstakedindprotectingdtigers,danddthedmakersdofdtraditionaldmedicinesdcandb
edpersuadeddthatdtigerdpartsdarednotdneeded,dthendtigerdpoachingdwilldbedhalted,dhabitatdanddlifedsustainin
gdpreydwilldbedrestored,danddthedimmanentdextinctiondofdtigersdindthedwilddwilldbedaverted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dThedtradedindtigerdproductsdisdbanned.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dTigerdpoachingdwilldbedhalted.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dThedmakersdofdtraditionaldmedicinesd...dnotdneeded.
2
, e. Argument;dconclusion:dTigerdpoachingdwilldbedhaltedd...dwilldbedaverted.d
ANS:d A PTS:d 2
9. Humansdaredbiologicaldorganisms.dTodunderstanddourdbehaviordanddmentaldprocesses,dwedneeddtodunde
rstanddtheirdbiologicaldunderpinnings,dstartingdwithdthedcellulardlevel,dthedneuron.dHowdwedfeel,dlearn,dr
emember,danddthinkdalldstemdfromdneuronaldactivity.dSo,dhowdadneurondworksdanddhowdneuronsdcommu
nicatedaredcrucialdpiecesdofdinformationdindsolvingdthedpuzzledofdhumandbehaviordanddmentaldprocessin
g.
RicharddGriggs,dPsychology:dAdConcisedIntroduction
a. Argument;dconclusion:dTodunderstanddourdbehaviord...dthedneuron.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dHumansdaredbiologicaldorganisms.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dHowdwedfeeld...dneuronaldactivity.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dHowdadneurondworksd...dmentaldprocessing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:d D PTS:d 2
10. Virusesdaredacellulardentitiesdtoodsmalldtodbedseendwithdadlightdmicroscope.dTheydaredcomposeddofdadnucl
eicdaciddanddadfewdproteins.dVirusesdreplicatedthemselvesdandddisplaydotherdpropertiesdofdlivingdorganis
msdonlydwhendtheydhavedinvadeddlivingdcells.dIndeed,dsomedvirusesdcandbedcrystallizeddanddstoreddindadc
ontainerdondadshelfdfordyears,dbutdtheydretaindthedcapacitydtodinvadedcellsdanddcauseddisease.
JacquelyndC.dBlack,dMicrobiology:dPrinciplesdanddExplorations
a. Argument;dconclusion:dTheydaredcomposeddofdadnucleicdaciddanddadfewdproteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dVirusesdaredacellulardentitiesd...dmicroscope.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dIndeed,dsomedvirusesdcandbedcrystallizedd...dcauseddisease.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dVirusesdreplicatedthemselvesd...dinvadeddlivingdcells.d
ANS:d B PTS:d 2
11. Harnessingdthedclean,dabundantdenergydofdthedsundanddwinddisdcriticaldtodsolvingdthedglobaldwarmingdpr
oblem.dTechnologicaldadvancesdhavedbroughtdthedcostdofdelectricitydgenerateddbydthedwindddowndbyd82d
percentdsinced1981.dSolardenergydtechnologydhasdmadedremarkabledprogressdasdnewdphotovoltaicdcellsd
havedbeenddevelopeddtodconvertdevendgreaterdamountsdofdsunlightddirectlydintodelectricity.dTodaydthedco
stsdofdwinddanddsolardpowerdaredbecomingdcompetitivedwithddirtydcoal-fireddplants.
SierradClub,d"GlobaldWarmingdSolutions"
a. Argument;dconclusion:dTodaydthedcostsdofdwindd...ddirtydcoal-fireddplants.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dTechnologicaldadvancesd...dbyd82dpercentdsinced1981.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dHarnessingdthedcleand...dthedglobaldwarmingdproblem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dSolardenergydtechnologyd...ddirectlydintodelectricity.d
ANS:d D PTS:d 2
12. Itdisdlikelydthatdinnocentdprisonersdindthisdcountrydhavedbeendexecuteddfordcrimesdtheyddiddnotdcommit.dFr
omd1973duntild2007,d124ddeathdrowdinmatesdhavedbeendexonerated.dIndmanydofdthesedcasesdDNAdeviden
cedplayeddadcrucialdrole.dYet,dindthatdsamedtimedframe,dmoredthand1000dprisonersdweredexecuted.dFordma
nydofdthesedprisonersdnodDNAdevidencedwasdavailable.dIfdsuchdevidencedhaddbeendavailable,dhowdmaydm
oredwoulddhavedbeendexonerated?
a. Argument;dconclusion:dIndmanydofdthesedcasesd...dplayeddadcrucialdrole.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dFromd1973d...dhavedbeendexonerated.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dFordmanydofdthesedprisonersd...dwasdavailable.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dItdisdlikelydthatdinnocentdprisonersd...dtheyddiddnotdcommit.
3
d d d
MULTIPLEdCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:dThedfollowingdselectionsdrelatedtoddistinguishingdargumentsdfromdnonargumentsd
anddidentifyingdconclusions.dSelectdthedbestdanswerdfordeach.
1. Theredappearsdtodbedadgrowingdhappinessdgapdbetweendmendanddwomen.dWomendtodaydaredworkingd
moredanddrelaxingdless,dwhiledmendaredworkingdlessdanddrelaxingdmore.dFortydyearsdagodadtypicaldwo
mandspentd40dminutesdmoredperdweekdthandthedtypicaldmandperformingdandactivitydconsidereddunplea
sant.dToday,dwithdmendworkingdless,dthedgapdisd90dminutesdanddgrowing.
a. Argument;dconclusion:dTodayd...dthedgapdisd90dminutesdanddgrowing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dFortydyearsdagod...dandactivitydconsidereddunpleasant.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dTheredappearsdtodbed...dbetweendmendanddwomen.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dWomendtodaydaredworkingdmoredanddrelaxingdless.d
ANS:d D PTS:d 2
2. Leaddisdtoxic,dbutddodyoudknowdwhy?dLeaddisdtoxicdmainlydbecauseditdpreferentiallydreplacesdotherdmeta
lsdindbiochemicaldreactions.dIndsoddoingditdinterferesdwithdthedproteinsdthatdregulatedblooddpressured(whic
hdcandcauseddevelopmentddelaysdindchildrendanddhighdblooddpressuredindadults),dhemedproductiond(whic
hdcandleaddtodanemia),danddspermdproduction.dLeaddalsoddisplacesdcalciumdindthedreactionsdthatdtransmit
delectricaldimpulsesdindthedbrain,dwhichddiminishesdthedabilitydtodthinkdanddrecalldinformation.
AnnedMariedHelmstine,d"YourdGuidedtodChemistry"
a. Argument;dconclusion:dItdinterferesdwithdthedproteinsd...danddspermdproduction.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dLeaddisdtoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dItdpreferentiallydreplacesdotherdmetalsdindbiochemicaldreactions.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dLeaddalsoddisplacesdcalciumd...drecalldinformation.d
ANS:d C PTS:d 2
3. Aristotledfocuseddondclarifyingdthedconceptdofdvirtueditself.dHedargueddthatditdwasdvirtuousdtodchoosedthed
properdamountdofdemotiondand/ordactiondcalleddfordindadparticulardsituationdanddthatdextremesdofdemotion
danddactiondweredvices.dIndalldcommunitiesdtheredaredsomedmendofdpracticaldwisdomdwhodhavedthedcapac
itydtodjudgedwisely.dAristotledargueddthatdtheydhavedthedcapacitydtodfollowdthed"rightdrule"dwhateverdtheds
ituation.
DaviddCooper,dValuedPluralismdanddEthicaldChoice
a. Argument;dconclusion:dIndalldcommunitiesd...dcapacitydtodjudgedwisely.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dAristotledfocuseddondclarifyingdthedconceptdofdvirtueditself.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dTheydhavedthedcapacitydtodfollowd...dthedsituation.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dHedargueddthatditdwasdvirtuousd...dweredvices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:d E PTS:d 2
4. Illegaldimmigrantsdpaydlocaldsalesdtaxes,danddmanydofdthemdalsodpaydstate,dlocal,danddfederaldincomedtaxd
anddSocialdSecuritydtax.dTheydalsodpurchaseditemsdfromdlocaldmerchants,dincreasingdthedamountdthesedm
erchantsdpaydindtaxes.dIndaddition,dtheydworkdfordlowdsalaries,dwhichdincreasesdthedearningsdofdtheirdempl
oyersdanddthedamountdofdtaxesdthesedemployersdpay.dThus,ditdisdnotdcorrectdtodsaydthatdillegaldimmigrantsd
contributednothingdtodthedcommunitiesdindwhichdtheydlive.
a. Argument;dconclusion:dItdisdnotdcorrectdtodsayd...dcommunitiesdindwhichdtheydlive.
1
, b. Argument;dconclusion:dTheydworkdfordlowdsalariesd...dthesedemployersdpay.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dIllegaldimmigrantsdpayd...dSocialdSecuritydtax.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dTheydalsodpurchaseditemsd...dpaydindtaxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:d A PTS:d 2
5. Numerousdstudiesdhavedindicateddthatdwomendofdcolor,dblackdwomendindparticular,daredover-
arrested,dover-indicted,danddover-sentenced.dAfrican-
Americandwomendaredsevendtimesdmoredlikelydtodbedarresteddfordprostitutiondthandwomendofdotherdethni
cdgroups.dBlackdwomendhavedreceiveddsignificantlydlongerdsentencesdfordcrimesdagainstdpropertydanddse
rveddlongerdperiodsdindprison.dFordbothdmurderdandddrugdoffenses,dEuroamericandwomendendeddupdservi
ngdone-thirddlessdtimedfordthedsamedoffensesdthandblackdwomen.
NancydKurshan,d"WomendanddImprisonmentdindthedU.S."
a. Argument;dconclusion:dAfrican-Americandwomend...dotherdethnicdgroups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dFordbothdmurderdandddrugdoffensesd...dblackdwomen.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dNumerousdstudiesdhavedindicatedd...dover-sentenced.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dBlackdwomendhavedreceivedd...dlongerdperiodsdindprison.d
ANS:d B PTS:d 2
6. It'sdevendmoredimportantdtheseddaysdthatdyourdcomputerdbedprotecteddbydadfirewall.dTheredaredcriminaldel
ementsdlurkingdindthedshadowsdofdcyberspacedwhodsenddoutdprobesdtoddetectdunprotecteddPCs.dOncedadvu
lnerabledcomputerdisdfound,dthesedcriminalsdinstalldsoftwaredthatdassistsdthemdindcommittingdidentitydthe
ftdanddfencingdstolendIDs.dTheydalsoddefrauddonlinedadvertisersdbydusingdthesedzombiedcomputersdtodvisit
dpay-per-clickdads.
a. Argument;dconclusion:dTheredaredcriminaldelementsd...dtoddetectdunprotecteddPCs.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dOncedadvulnerabledcomputerd...dfencingdstolendIDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dTheydalsoddefraudd...dtodvisitdpay-per-clickdads.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dIt'sdevendmoredimportantd...dprotecteddbydadfirewall.d
ANS:d E PTS:d 2
7. Thedearthdisdofdinterestdtodastronomydfordmanydreasons.dNearlydalldobservationsdmustdbedmadedthroughdth
edatmosphere,danddthedphenomenadofdthedupperdatmospheredanddthedmagnetospheredreflectdthedstatedofdint
erplanetarydspace.dThedearthdisdalsodthedmostdimportantdobjectdofdcomparisondfordplanetologists.
HannudKarttunen,detdal.,dFundamentaldAstronomy
a. Argument;dconclusion:dThedphenomenad...dstatedofdinterplanetarydspace.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dThedearthdisdalsod...dfordplanetologists.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dThedearthdisdofdinterestdtodastronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dNearlydalldobservationsd...dthroughdthedatmosphere.d
ANS:d C PTS:d 2
8. Ifdthedtradedindtigerdproductsdisdbanned,dtigerdreservesdaredguardeddbydwelldequippeddstaff,dcommunitiesda
buttingdtigerdhabitatdaredgivendadstakedindprotectingdtigers,danddthedmakersdofdtraditionaldmedicinesdcandb
edpersuadeddthatdtigerdpartsdarednotdneeded,dthendtigerdpoachingdwilldbedhalted,dhabitatdanddlifedsustainin
gdpreydwilldbedrestored,danddthedimmanentdextinctiondofdtigersdindthedwilddwilldbedaverted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dThedtradedindtigerdproductsdisdbanned.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dTigerdpoachingdwilldbedhalted.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dThedmakersdofdtraditionaldmedicinesd...dnotdneeded.
2
, e. Argument;dconclusion:dTigerdpoachingdwilldbedhaltedd...dwilldbedaverted.d
ANS:d A PTS:d 2
9. Humansdaredbiologicaldorganisms.dTodunderstanddourdbehaviordanddmentaldprocesses,dwedneeddtodunde
rstanddtheirdbiologicaldunderpinnings,dstartingdwithdthedcellulardlevel,dthedneuron.dHowdwedfeel,dlearn,dr
emember,danddthinkdalldstemdfromdneuronaldactivity.dSo,dhowdadneurondworksdanddhowdneuronsdcommu
nicatedaredcrucialdpiecesdofdinformationdindsolvingdthedpuzzledofdhumandbehaviordanddmentaldprocessin
g.
RicharddGriggs,dPsychology:dAdConcisedIntroduction
a. Argument;dconclusion:dTodunderstanddourdbehaviord...dthedneuron.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dHumansdaredbiologicaldorganisms.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dHowdwedfeeld...dneuronaldactivity.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dHowdadneurondworksd...dmentaldprocessing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:d D PTS:d 2
10. Virusesdaredacellulardentitiesdtoodsmalldtodbedseendwithdadlightdmicroscope.dTheydaredcomposeddofdadnucl
eicdaciddanddadfewdproteins.dVirusesdreplicatedthemselvesdandddisplaydotherdpropertiesdofdlivingdorganis
msdonlydwhendtheydhavedinvadeddlivingdcells.dIndeed,dsomedvirusesdcandbedcrystallizeddanddstoreddindadc
ontainerdondadshelfdfordyears,dbutdtheydretaindthedcapacitydtodinvadedcellsdanddcauseddisease.
JacquelyndC.dBlack,dMicrobiology:dPrinciplesdanddExplorations
a. Argument;dconclusion:dTheydaredcomposeddofdadnucleicdaciddanddadfewdproteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dVirusesdaredacellulardentitiesd...dmicroscope.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dIndeed,dsomedvirusesdcandbedcrystallizedd...dcauseddisease.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dVirusesdreplicatedthemselvesd...dinvadeddlivingdcells.d
ANS:d B PTS:d 2
11. Harnessingdthedclean,dabundantdenergydofdthedsundanddwinddisdcriticaldtodsolvingdthedglobaldwarmingdpr
oblem.dTechnologicaldadvancesdhavedbroughtdthedcostdofdelectricitydgenerateddbydthedwindddowndbyd82d
percentdsinced1981.dSolardenergydtechnologydhasdmadedremarkabledprogressdasdnewdphotovoltaicdcellsd
havedbeenddevelopeddtodconvertdevendgreaterdamountsdofdsunlightddirectlydintodelectricity.dTodaydthedco
stsdofdwinddanddsolardpowerdaredbecomingdcompetitivedwithddirtydcoal-fireddplants.
SierradClub,d"GlobaldWarmingdSolutions"
a. Argument;dconclusion:dTodaydthedcostsdofdwindd...ddirtydcoal-fireddplants.
b. Argument;dconclusion:dTechnologicaldadvancesd...dbyd82dpercentdsinced1981.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dHarnessingdthedcleand...dthedglobaldwarmingdproblem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dSolardenergydtechnologyd...ddirectlydintodelectricity.d
ANS:d D PTS:d 2
12. Itdisdlikelydthatdinnocentdprisonersdindthisdcountrydhavedbeendexecuteddfordcrimesdtheyddiddnotdcommit.dFr
omd1973duntild2007,d124ddeathdrowdinmatesdhavedbeendexonerated.dIndmanydofdthesedcasesdDNAdeviden
cedplayeddadcrucialdrole.dYet,dindthatdsamedtimedframe,dmoredthand1000dprisonersdweredexecuted.dFordma
nydofdthesedprisonersdnodDNAdevidencedwasdavailable.dIfdsuchdevidencedhaddbeendavailable,dhowdmaydm
oredwoulddhavedbeendexonerated?
a. Argument;dconclusion:dIndmanydofdthesedcasesd...dplayeddadcrucialdrole.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;dconclusion:dFromd1973d...dhavedbeendexonerated.
d. Argument;dconclusion:dFordmanydofdthesedprisonersd...dwasdavailable.
e. Argument;dconclusion:dItdisdlikelydthatdinnocentdprisonersd...dtheyddiddnotdcommit.
3
