NURS 5334 ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 2 EXAM
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
physiologic changes during pregnancy & drug impact correct
answers >> - 3rd trimester = renal blood doubles, renal
excretion accelerated
- tone and mobility of bowel decreases -> prolongation of drug
effects
placental drug transfer correct answers >> all drugs can
cross the placenta, some cross more easily than others
adverse reactions during pregnancy correct answers >> can
adversely affect both pregnant pt and fetus
- heparin -> osteoporosis
- prostaglandins -> stimulate uterine contraction
- some pain relievers can be used during delivery can cause
respiratory depression in baby
teratogenesis birth defects correct answers >> gross
malformations = cleft palate, clubfoot, hydrocephalus
neurobehavioral & metabolic anomalies
3 stages of teratogenesis development correct answers >> 1.
conception through week 2
,2. embryonic period week 3-8 = gross malformations
3. fetal period week 9-delivery = functions disrupted w/ teratogen
exposure
embryonic stages correct answers >>
identification of teratogens correct answers >> difficult to
identify, 3 criteria must be met:
1. The agent must be present during the critical stage of
development
2. The agent produces a particular pattern of birth defects in
animal studies.
3. The agent crosses the placenta and there is a dose-response
relationship.
responding to teratogen exposure correct answers >>
Determine when the drug was taken
Determine when the pregnancy began
-Weeks 3-8 (organogenesis) is most crucial time
Determine type of malformation expected
Conduct 2 US and consult FDA to determine severity
,how to decrease risk of drug effects during breastfeeding
correct answers >> - take drugs immediately after
breastfeeding
- avoid drugs w/ long half-lives
- choose drugs that tend to be excluded from milk, least likely to
affect infant
- avoid hazardous drugs
pediatric response to drugs correct answers >> - more
sensitive to drugs
- greater individual variation
- sensitivity d/t organ system immaturity
- increased risk for adverse rxns
determining the intensity of duration of drug response in
neonates & infants correct answers >> - elevated drug levels
= more intense response
- delayed elimination = prolonged response
- immaturity of organs = risk for both^
comparison of plasma drug levels in adults and infants correct
answers >>
increased sensitivity in infants caused by immature state of...
correct answers >> absorption, protein binding of drugs, BBB,
hepatic metabolism, renal drug excretion
, infant absorption: oral administration correct answers >>
prolonged and irregular gastric
adult function at 6-8 months
infant absorption: gastric acidity correct answers >> - very
low 24 hours after birth
- does not reach adult values for 2 years
- low acidity = absorption of acid-labile drugs is increased
infant absorption: intramuscular admin correct answers >>
slow, erratic, delayed absorption as results of low blood flow in 1st
few days of life
in early infancy, absorption of IM drugs more rapid than neonates
& adults
infant absorption: transdermal correct answers >> more
rapid & complete for infants than older children & adults
- stratum corneum of infant's skin is thin
- blood flow to skin is greater in infants than older patients
- infants increased risk for toxicity from topical drugs
infant distribution: BBB correct answers >> - not fully
developed at birth
- drugs have easy access to CNS
- infants especially sensitive to drugs that affect CNS function
- dosage should be reduced for drug actions outside the CNS if
those drugs are capable of producing toxicity as a side effect
PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 2 EXAM
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
physiologic changes during pregnancy & drug impact correct
answers >> - 3rd trimester = renal blood doubles, renal
excretion accelerated
- tone and mobility of bowel decreases -> prolongation of drug
effects
placental drug transfer correct answers >> all drugs can
cross the placenta, some cross more easily than others
adverse reactions during pregnancy correct answers >> can
adversely affect both pregnant pt and fetus
- heparin -> osteoporosis
- prostaglandins -> stimulate uterine contraction
- some pain relievers can be used during delivery can cause
respiratory depression in baby
teratogenesis birth defects correct answers >> gross
malformations = cleft palate, clubfoot, hydrocephalus
neurobehavioral & metabolic anomalies
3 stages of teratogenesis development correct answers >> 1.
conception through week 2
,2. embryonic period week 3-8 = gross malformations
3. fetal period week 9-delivery = functions disrupted w/ teratogen
exposure
embryonic stages correct answers >>
identification of teratogens correct answers >> difficult to
identify, 3 criteria must be met:
1. The agent must be present during the critical stage of
development
2. The agent produces a particular pattern of birth defects in
animal studies.
3. The agent crosses the placenta and there is a dose-response
relationship.
responding to teratogen exposure correct answers >>
Determine when the drug was taken
Determine when the pregnancy began
-Weeks 3-8 (organogenesis) is most crucial time
Determine type of malformation expected
Conduct 2 US and consult FDA to determine severity
,how to decrease risk of drug effects during breastfeeding
correct answers >> - take drugs immediately after
breastfeeding
- avoid drugs w/ long half-lives
- choose drugs that tend to be excluded from milk, least likely to
affect infant
- avoid hazardous drugs
pediatric response to drugs correct answers >> - more
sensitive to drugs
- greater individual variation
- sensitivity d/t organ system immaturity
- increased risk for adverse rxns
determining the intensity of duration of drug response in
neonates & infants correct answers >> - elevated drug levels
= more intense response
- delayed elimination = prolonged response
- immaturity of organs = risk for both^
comparison of plasma drug levels in adults and infants correct
answers >>
increased sensitivity in infants caused by immature state of...
correct answers >> absorption, protein binding of drugs, BBB,
hepatic metabolism, renal drug excretion
, infant absorption: oral administration correct answers >>
prolonged and irregular gastric
adult function at 6-8 months
infant absorption: gastric acidity correct answers >> - very
low 24 hours after birth
- does not reach adult values for 2 years
- low acidity = absorption of acid-labile drugs is increased
infant absorption: intramuscular admin correct answers >>
slow, erratic, delayed absorption as results of low blood flow in 1st
few days of life
in early infancy, absorption of IM drugs more rapid than neonates
& adults
infant absorption: transdermal correct answers >> more
rapid & complete for infants than older children & adults
- stratum corneum of infant's skin is thin
- blood flow to skin is greater in infants than older patients
- infants increased risk for toxicity from topical drugs
infant distribution: BBB correct answers >> - not fully
developed at birth
- drugs have easy access to CNS
- infants especially sensitive to drugs that affect CNS function
- dosage should be reduced for drug actions outside the CNS if
those drugs are capable of producing toxicity as a side effect
