NURS 615 PHARM EXAM 1 – MARYVILLE ACTUAL EXAM 2024 EXAM
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100%
CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY GRADED A+
What is the half-life of Digoxin? - CORRECT ANSWERS-half life of 24-36 hours. A change in
dose would take a week to take effect.
What is the half life of amiodarone? - CORRECT ANSWERS-58 days - so it is usually started
with a loading dose to acheive the clinical effect more quickly.
What is pKa - CORRECT ANSWERS-is used to measure the strength of an acid in solution.
What is pH - CORRECT ANSWERS-is a measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in an
aqueous solution.
According to the WHO what is the first step in the prescribing process? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
The first step is to define the patient's problem
The second step is to - CORRECT ANSWERS-specify the therapeutic objective
The third step is to - CORRECT ANSWERS-choose which drug or treatment is needed.
Step 4 of the WHO approach: - CORRECT ANSWERS-Start the treatment
Step 5 of the WHO approach: - CORRECT ANSWERS-Educate the patient
Step 6 of the WHO approach: - CORRECT ANSWERS-Monitor the treatment
Phase 1 of drug development: - CORRECT ANSWERS-The drug is tested on healthy volunteers
,Phase 2 of drug development: - CORRECT ANSWERS-trials with people who have the disease
for which the drug is thought to be effective
Phase 3 of drug development: - CORRECT ANSWERS-Large numbers of patients in medical
research centers receive the drug in phase 3. This larger sampling provides information about infrequent
or rare adverse effects. The FFA will approve a new drug application if phase 3 studies are satisfactory.
Phase 4 of drug development: - CORRECT ANSWERS-This phase is voluntary and involves
postmarket surveillance of the drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase 3. The
pharmaceutical company receives reports from doctors and other health care professionals about the
therapeutic results and adverse effects of the drug. Some medications, for example, have been found to
be toxic and have been removed from the market after their initial release.
Explain first pass metabolism - CORRECT ANSWERS-much of the drug is lost in the absorption
process. The liver metabolizes many drugs, thus reduces the bioavailabilty of the drug.
What is the fasted route of absorption: - CORRECT ANSWERS-The fastest route of absorption
is inhalation, and not as mistakenly considered the IV administration.
Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb? - CORRECT ANSWERS-The GI tract is lined with
epithelial cells; drugs must permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into the circulatory
system.
What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a
semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small and uncharged
solutes, hence whether or not a molecule is ionized will affect its absorption, since ionic molecules are
charged.
What is solubility? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Solubility favors charged species, permeability favors
neutral species. Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to facilitate movement
from the lumen into the circulation.
, Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Absorption occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane systems of GI mucosal layers,
muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on: - CORRECT ANSWERS-whether the
drug is water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes; water-soluble
drugs can't. Lipid-soluble drugs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.
As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with? - CORRECT ANSWERS-proteins
such as the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the protein. The portion of a
drug that's bound to a protein is inactive and can't exert a therapeutic effect. Only the free, or unbound,
portion remains active. A drug is said to be highly protein-bound if more than 80% of the drug is bound
to protein.
Identify drug metabolism and the role of isoenzymes in the p450 system - CORRECT
ANSWERS-CYPs are the are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism accounting for about
75% of the total metabolism.
Naturally occurring compounds may induce or inhibit CYP activity. - CORRECT ANSWERS-For
example, bioactive compounds found in grapefruit juice and some other fruit juices including dihydroxy
forgotten and parasitin A have been found to inhibit CYP3a4 mediated metabolism of certain
medications leading to increased bioavailability and the strong possibility of overdosing.
What does grapefruit have to do with CYP? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Grapefruit is an inhibitor
and will decrease the metabolism of drugs by the cyp enzymes
When 2 drugs are both metabolized by the p450 system the drug should be - CORRECT
ANSWERS-administered at separate times to prevent the metabolism of one drug resulting in toxic
effects of the other drug. (because it would have less protein to bind too, thus more free floating drug)
What is the efficacy of a drug? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Efficacy is the maximum response
achievable from a drug. Effectiveness refers to the ability of the drug to produce a beneficial effect.
On the drug concentration curve what is the first sign of a therapeutic effect? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-The onset of action
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100%
CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY GRADED A+
What is the half-life of Digoxin? - CORRECT ANSWERS-half life of 24-36 hours. A change in
dose would take a week to take effect.
What is the half life of amiodarone? - CORRECT ANSWERS-58 days - so it is usually started
with a loading dose to acheive the clinical effect more quickly.
What is pKa - CORRECT ANSWERS-is used to measure the strength of an acid in solution.
What is pH - CORRECT ANSWERS-is a measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in an
aqueous solution.
According to the WHO what is the first step in the prescribing process? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
The first step is to define the patient's problem
The second step is to - CORRECT ANSWERS-specify the therapeutic objective
The third step is to - CORRECT ANSWERS-choose which drug or treatment is needed.
Step 4 of the WHO approach: - CORRECT ANSWERS-Start the treatment
Step 5 of the WHO approach: - CORRECT ANSWERS-Educate the patient
Step 6 of the WHO approach: - CORRECT ANSWERS-Monitor the treatment
Phase 1 of drug development: - CORRECT ANSWERS-The drug is tested on healthy volunteers
,Phase 2 of drug development: - CORRECT ANSWERS-trials with people who have the disease
for which the drug is thought to be effective
Phase 3 of drug development: - CORRECT ANSWERS-Large numbers of patients in medical
research centers receive the drug in phase 3. This larger sampling provides information about infrequent
or rare adverse effects. The FFA will approve a new drug application if phase 3 studies are satisfactory.
Phase 4 of drug development: - CORRECT ANSWERS-This phase is voluntary and involves
postmarket surveillance of the drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase 3. The
pharmaceutical company receives reports from doctors and other health care professionals about the
therapeutic results and adverse effects of the drug. Some medications, for example, have been found to
be toxic and have been removed from the market after their initial release.
Explain first pass metabolism - CORRECT ANSWERS-much of the drug is lost in the absorption
process. The liver metabolizes many drugs, thus reduces the bioavailabilty of the drug.
What is the fasted route of absorption: - CORRECT ANSWERS-The fastest route of absorption
is inhalation, and not as mistakenly considered the IV administration.
Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb? - CORRECT ANSWERS-The GI tract is lined with
epithelial cells; drugs must permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into the circulatory
system.
What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a
semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small and uncharged
solutes, hence whether or not a molecule is ionized will affect its absorption, since ionic molecules are
charged.
What is solubility? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Solubility favors charged species, permeability favors
neutral species. Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to facilitate movement
from the lumen into the circulation.
, Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Absorption occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane systems of GI mucosal layers,
muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on: - CORRECT ANSWERS-whether the
drug is water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes; water-soluble
drugs can't. Lipid-soluble drugs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.
As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with? - CORRECT ANSWERS-proteins
such as the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the protein. The portion of a
drug that's bound to a protein is inactive and can't exert a therapeutic effect. Only the free, or unbound,
portion remains active. A drug is said to be highly protein-bound if more than 80% of the drug is bound
to protein.
Identify drug metabolism and the role of isoenzymes in the p450 system - CORRECT
ANSWERS-CYPs are the are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism accounting for about
75% of the total metabolism.
Naturally occurring compounds may induce or inhibit CYP activity. - CORRECT ANSWERS-For
example, bioactive compounds found in grapefruit juice and some other fruit juices including dihydroxy
forgotten and parasitin A have been found to inhibit CYP3a4 mediated metabolism of certain
medications leading to increased bioavailability and the strong possibility of overdosing.
What does grapefruit have to do with CYP? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Grapefruit is an inhibitor
and will decrease the metabolism of drugs by the cyp enzymes
When 2 drugs are both metabolized by the p450 system the drug should be - CORRECT
ANSWERS-administered at separate times to prevent the metabolism of one drug resulting in toxic
effects of the other drug. (because it would have less protein to bind too, thus more free floating drug)
What is the efficacy of a drug? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Efficacy is the maximum response
achievable from a drug. Effectiveness refers to the ability of the drug to produce a beneficial effect.
On the drug concentration curve what is the first sign of a therapeutic effect? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-The onset of action
