GerI Final Jersey College Questions With Complete
Solutions
Presence of Diabetes Mellitus increases the prevalence of what?
Hypertension and dyslipidemia
What do women lose after menopause due to the decrease of
estrogen?
Maintaining adequate HDL, relaxation of smooth muscles in the
arteries which maintains BP
Normal BP
<120 Systolic and <80 Diastolic
Elevated BP
120-129 Systolic and <80 Diastolic
Stage 1 Hypertension
130-139 Systolic or 80-89 Diastolic
Stage 2 Hypertension
>140 Systolic or >90 Diastolic
Healthy BMI?
18.5 to 25
Is Systolic BP or Diastolic BP more predictive of cardiovascular
disease?
Systolic BP
,What is first line therapy for hypertension in older adults?
Diuretics and ACE inhibitors. Beta blockers are preferred in
patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction
Concerns related to Diuretic therapy?
Hypotension and hypokalemia
Symptoms associated with atypical presentation of coronary
artery disease in older adults?
Shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, nausea, dizziness or
syncope, confusion, decrease in functional status, abdominal or
back pain
Objectives in treating Atrial fibrillation in older adults?
Controlling the underlying cause, slowing the heart rate and/or
converting the rhythm to a normal sinus, preventing stroke with
maintenance anticoagulation therapy
What is sick sinus syndrome?
Alternating episodes of bradycardia, normal sinus, tachycardia,
and period of long sinus pauses that fail to stimulate the atria or
ventricles
Manifestation of mitral stenosis?
Dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, fatigue, loud accentuated
opening snap, low-pitched rumbling, diastolic murmur heard at
apex
Manifestation of mitral regurgitation?
,Weakness, fatigue, dyspnea, palpitations, soft S3 often present,
high-pitched pansystolic murmur with a harsh blowing quality
that radiates to the axilla
Manifestation of Aortic stenosis?
Angina, syncope, heart failure, soft prominent S4, crescendo-
decrescendo harsh ejection systolic murmur that radiates to
carotids
Manifestation of Aortic regurgitation?
Exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, nocturnal angina, soft or absent
S2, S3, or S4, soft decrescendo high-pitched diastolic murmur,
wide pulse pressure
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HfrEF)(systolic
heart failure)?
<40% EF, major reduction in systolic function, may also have
diastolic dysfunction and variable degrees of LV enlargement
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HfpEF)(diastolic
heart failure)?
>50% Does not have a major reduction in systolic function.
Patients are usually treated for underlying causes of heart
failure, risk factors include diabetes mellitus, obesity, CAD, and
atrial fibrillation
Heart failure with borderline HfpEF (diastolic heart failure)?
41-49% Does not have a major reduction in systolic function.
Patients are usually treated for underlying causes of heart
, failure, risk factors include diabetes mellitus, obesity, CAD, and
atrial fibrillation
Heart failure with improved HfpEF (diastolic heart failure)?
>40% Does not have a major reduction in systolic function.
Patients are usually treated for underlying causes of heart
failure, risk factors include diabetes mellitus, obesity, CAD, and
atrial fibrillation
What is usually the initial indication for peripheral artery
disease?
Intermittent claudication
Chronic venous insufficiency disorders?
Varicose veins, venous ulcerations, venous thrombosis
Arterial insufficiency symptoms and signs?
Sudden and severe pain, Intermittent claudication, pain at rest,
hair loss distal to occlusion, nails are thick and brittle, possible
paresthesia, skin is thin, dry, cool, and shiny with pallor or
reactive hyperemia, skin breakdown can be severely painful,
usually between toes or on upper surface of the foot over
metatarsal heads or other bony prominence, pulses are
diminished, weak, or absent
Venous insufficiency signs and symptoms?
Little to no pain, tenderness along inflamed vein, chronic
heaviness or full feeling, no hair loss, normal nails, normal
sensation, stasis dermatitis, veins may be visible, skin mottled,
brawny or cyanotic in color, skin temperature is warm, skin
Solutions
Presence of Diabetes Mellitus increases the prevalence of what?
Hypertension and dyslipidemia
What do women lose after menopause due to the decrease of
estrogen?
Maintaining adequate HDL, relaxation of smooth muscles in the
arteries which maintains BP
Normal BP
<120 Systolic and <80 Diastolic
Elevated BP
120-129 Systolic and <80 Diastolic
Stage 1 Hypertension
130-139 Systolic or 80-89 Diastolic
Stage 2 Hypertension
>140 Systolic or >90 Diastolic
Healthy BMI?
18.5 to 25
Is Systolic BP or Diastolic BP more predictive of cardiovascular
disease?
Systolic BP
,What is first line therapy for hypertension in older adults?
Diuretics and ACE inhibitors. Beta blockers are preferred in
patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction
Concerns related to Diuretic therapy?
Hypotension and hypokalemia
Symptoms associated with atypical presentation of coronary
artery disease in older adults?
Shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, nausea, dizziness or
syncope, confusion, decrease in functional status, abdominal or
back pain
Objectives in treating Atrial fibrillation in older adults?
Controlling the underlying cause, slowing the heart rate and/or
converting the rhythm to a normal sinus, preventing stroke with
maintenance anticoagulation therapy
What is sick sinus syndrome?
Alternating episodes of bradycardia, normal sinus, tachycardia,
and period of long sinus pauses that fail to stimulate the atria or
ventricles
Manifestation of mitral stenosis?
Dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, fatigue, loud accentuated
opening snap, low-pitched rumbling, diastolic murmur heard at
apex
Manifestation of mitral regurgitation?
,Weakness, fatigue, dyspnea, palpitations, soft S3 often present,
high-pitched pansystolic murmur with a harsh blowing quality
that radiates to the axilla
Manifestation of Aortic stenosis?
Angina, syncope, heart failure, soft prominent S4, crescendo-
decrescendo harsh ejection systolic murmur that radiates to
carotids
Manifestation of Aortic regurgitation?
Exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, nocturnal angina, soft or absent
S2, S3, or S4, soft decrescendo high-pitched diastolic murmur,
wide pulse pressure
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HfrEF)(systolic
heart failure)?
<40% EF, major reduction in systolic function, may also have
diastolic dysfunction and variable degrees of LV enlargement
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HfpEF)(diastolic
heart failure)?
>50% Does not have a major reduction in systolic function.
Patients are usually treated for underlying causes of heart
failure, risk factors include diabetes mellitus, obesity, CAD, and
atrial fibrillation
Heart failure with borderline HfpEF (diastolic heart failure)?
41-49% Does not have a major reduction in systolic function.
Patients are usually treated for underlying causes of heart
, failure, risk factors include diabetes mellitus, obesity, CAD, and
atrial fibrillation
Heart failure with improved HfpEF (diastolic heart failure)?
>40% Does not have a major reduction in systolic function.
Patients are usually treated for underlying causes of heart
failure, risk factors include diabetes mellitus, obesity, CAD, and
atrial fibrillation
What is usually the initial indication for peripheral artery
disease?
Intermittent claudication
Chronic venous insufficiency disorders?
Varicose veins, venous ulcerations, venous thrombosis
Arterial insufficiency symptoms and signs?
Sudden and severe pain, Intermittent claudication, pain at rest,
hair loss distal to occlusion, nails are thick and brittle, possible
paresthesia, skin is thin, dry, cool, and shiny with pallor or
reactive hyperemia, skin breakdown can be severely painful,
usually between toes or on upper surface of the foot over
metatarsal heads or other bony prominence, pulses are
diminished, weak, or absent
Venous insufficiency signs and symptoms?
Little to no pain, tenderness along inflamed vein, chronic
heaviness or full feeling, no hair loss, normal nails, normal
sensation, stasis dermatitis, veins may be visible, skin mottled,
brawny or cyanotic in color, skin temperature is warm, skin
