Sonography Canada Core Review ANSWER KEY 2025/ 2026
f v/wavelength
frequency number of cycles per second
T 1/f
Period length of time for one cycle
1540 m/s speed of sound in soft tissue
infrasound <20Hz
audible sound 20Hz-20,000Hz
ultrasound >20,000Hz
= root (bulk modulus/density)
or
c =stiffness/density
bulk modulus stress/strain
I = P/a
P = E/T
Amplitude maximum deviation from normal
A = max-normal
A^2 proportional to intensity and power
PRP = 1/PRF
line time (PRP) time for one scan line
PRF number pulses per sec
depth
PRP/ PRF factors speed of sound
PD =T x # cycles per pulse
DF = PD/PRP
SPL = wavelength x #cycles in one pulse
Ax Res = SPL/2
Range Eqn d=0.77t
Attenuation (eqn) =0.5fL
Attenuation coefficient 0.5dB/cm soft tissue
Z =cp
% reflection =[z2-z1/z2+z1]^2
bit depth =2^n
IRC = reflected intensity/incident intensity
, Sonography Canada Core Review ANSWER KEY 2025/ 2026
NZL = (crystal diam^2 x f)/ 6
=3pc^2
or
Young's Modulus = stress/strain
CW and PW spectral
methods with highest thermal
risk/ lowest mech risk
B mode
Methods with lowest thermal risk/
highest mech risk
Isppa mech risk
highest Isppa 190W/cm^2
Ispta thermal risk
highest Ispta 720mW/cm^2
11-14wks spectral only with clear benefit
AIUM TI recommendations TI >0.7 only 5-10min max
if prop speed increases at media border, refracted angle is greater
snell's law than incident
waves are a result of many small wavelets at transducer face
Huygen's Principle based on constructive interference
Aperture number/ width of crystals creating a beam
FR =PRF/#lines per frame
Frame Rate frames created per second
Frame Time amount of time taken to create one frame
Nyquist Limit =PRF/2
hydrostatic pressure =pgh
Re =v2rp/n
Reynold's turbulence 2000
continuity eq Q=va
Bernoulli's pressure decreases with velocity increase
Pressure gradient (eq) =4v^2
Doppler shift (eqn) =2fvcos0/c
Poiseuille's Q=pressure grad/resistance
Resistance (eq) 8Ln/pi r^4
RI =PSV-EDV/PSV
PI =PSV-EDV/mean v
f v/wavelength
frequency number of cycles per second
T 1/f
Period length of time for one cycle
1540 m/s speed of sound in soft tissue
infrasound <20Hz
audible sound 20Hz-20,000Hz
ultrasound >20,000Hz
= root (bulk modulus/density)
or
c =stiffness/density
bulk modulus stress/strain
I = P/a
P = E/T
Amplitude maximum deviation from normal
A = max-normal
A^2 proportional to intensity and power
PRP = 1/PRF
line time (PRP) time for one scan line
PRF number pulses per sec
depth
PRP/ PRF factors speed of sound
PD =T x # cycles per pulse
DF = PD/PRP
SPL = wavelength x #cycles in one pulse
Ax Res = SPL/2
Range Eqn d=0.77t
Attenuation (eqn) =0.5fL
Attenuation coefficient 0.5dB/cm soft tissue
Z =cp
% reflection =[z2-z1/z2+z1]^2
bit depth =2^n
IRC = reflected intensity/incident intensity
, Sonography Canada Core Review ANSWER KEY 2025/ 2026
NZL = (crystal diam^2 x f)/ 6
=3pc^2
or
Young's Modulus = stress/strain
CW and PW spectral
methods with highest thermal
risk/ lowest mech risk
B mode
Methods with lowest thermal risk/
highest mech risk
Isppa mech risk
highest Isppa 190W/cm^2
Ispta thermal risk
highest Ispta 720mW/cm^2
11-14wks spectral only with clear benefit
AIUM TI recommendations TI >0.7 only 5-10min max
if prop speed increases at media border, refracted angle is greater
snell's law than incident
waves are a result of many small wavelets at transducer face
Huygen's Principle based on constructive interference
Aperture number/ width of crystals creating a beam
FR =PRF/#lines per frame
Frame Rate frames created per second
Frame Time amount of time taken to create one frame
Nyquist Limit =PRF/2
hydrostatic pressure =pgh
Re =v2rp/n
Reynold's turbulence 2000
continuity eq Q=va
Bernoulli's pressure decreases with velocity increase
Pressure gradient (eq) =4v^2
Doppler shift (eqn) =2fvcos0/c
Poiseuille's Q=pressure grad/resistance
Resistance (eq) 8Ln/pi r^4
RI =PSV-EDV/PSV
PI =PSV-EDV/mean v
