@PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR 507
FINAL EXAM (320 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS) 2025 VERIFIED AND
GRADED A+
Fat Soluble Hormones - Answer Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - Answer Need 2nd Messenger to
transport across phospholipid membranes
JN
Pituitary Hormones - Answer TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH,
Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - Answer Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary
U
gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars
intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary
R
and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
SE
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - Answer Arises from 3rd
ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median eminence,
pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa or neural
tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of
axons that arise primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median
eminence. - Answer Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing
hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine,
norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - Answer contains axons of neurons that originate
in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
,@PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
Hormones of posterior pituitary - Answer ADH, and Oxytocin
(Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - Answer Major homeostatic function
of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated
by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic
hormones) - Answer HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing
Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH),
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
JN
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - Answer Inhibits release of growth hormone and
TSH
U
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - Answer Stimulates release
R
of FSH and LH
SE
Dopamine - Answer Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - Answer Stimulate secretion of
prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - Answer
ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic
hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Answer SECRETORY
CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and
androgenic hormones
,@PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
Prolactin, - Answer Milk production
TSH - Answer Increased production and secretion of thyroid
hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Answer Ovulation, progesterone
production (in glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Answer Follicle maturation,
estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli
Cells)
JN
B-Lipotropin - Answer Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids
(Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - Answer Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food
U
and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid
receptors)
R
ADH functions - Answer Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality.
SE
Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to
increase permeability which leads to increased water reabsorption
into the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these
may be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and
hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - Answer
High levels of ADH - Answer Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors
causing vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - Answer osmoreceptors of the
hypothalamus. Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then
ADH secretion is increased, water is then reabsorbed from the
, @PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280
mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to
increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular
volume monitored by mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid
and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma (7%-25%) acts on
receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with: - Answer Decrease in plasma
osmolality, increase in intravascular volume, hypertension,
increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II levels, and
alcohol ingestion
JN
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - Answer Increase BP
and to achieve hemostasis during volume loss during shock
states.
U
Oxytocin - Answer Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk
ejection in lactation, and may effect sperm motility in men.
R
Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical distention of
femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in
SE
mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells. "let
down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - Answer ACTH, MSH, LH, GH,
FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - Answer
Chromophobes, and chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are
secretory cells of the adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - Answer
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR 507
FINAL EXAM (320 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS) 2025 VERIFIED AND
GRADED A+
Fat Soluble Hormones - Answer Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - Answer Need 2nd Messenger to
transport across phospholipid membranes
JN
Pituitary Hormones - Answer TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH,
Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - Answer Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary
U
gland. Three regions, pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars
intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of Anterior Pituitary
R
and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
SE
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - Answer Arises from 3rd
ventricle of brain, consists of three parts, median eminence,
pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars nervosa or neural
tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of
axons that arise primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median
eminence. - Answer Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing
hormones and neurotransmitters such as dopamine,
norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - Answer contains axons of neurons that originate
in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
,@PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
Hormones of posterior pituitary - Answer ADH, and Oxytocin
(Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - Answer Major homeostatic function
of posterior pituitary is control of plasma osmolality, as regulated
by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic
hormones) - Answer HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing
Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone (GnRH),
Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH),
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
JN
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - Answer Inhibits release of growth hormone and
TSH
U
Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - Answer Stimulates release
R
of FSH and LH
SE
Dopamine - Answer Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - Answer Stimulate secretion of
prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - Answer
ACTH, Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic
hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Answer SECRETORY
CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and
androgenic hormones
,@PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
Prolactin, - Answer Milk production
TSH - Answer Increased production and secretion of thyroid
hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Answer Ovulation, progesterone
production (in glanulosa cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Answer Follicle maturation,
estrogen production (In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli
Cells)
JN
B-Lipotropin - Answer Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids
(Corticotropic, from Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - Answer Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food
U
and water intake (Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid
receptors)
R
ADH functions - Answer Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality.
SE
Acts of Vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to
increase permeability which leads to increased water reabsorption
into the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these
may be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and
hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - Answer
High levels of ADH - Answer Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors
causing vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - Answer osmoreceptors of the
hypothalamus. Stimulated by increased plasma osmolality, then
ADH secretion is increased, water is then reabsorbed from the
, @PROFDOCDIGITALLIBRARIES
kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280
mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to
increased water reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular
volume monitored by mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid
and aortic arches. Volume loss through trauma (7%-25%) acts on
receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with: - Answer Decrease in plasma
osmolality, increase in intravascular volume, hypertension,
increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II levels, and
alcohol ingestion
JN
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - Answer Increase BP
and to achieve hemostasis during volume loss during shock
states.
U
Oxytocin - Answer Responsible for contraction of uterus and milk
ejection in lactation, and may effect sperm motility in men.
R
Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical distention of
femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in
SE
mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells. "let
down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - Answer ACTH, MSH, LH, GH,
FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - Answer
Chromophobes, and chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are
secretory cells of the adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - Answer
