Page 1 of 73
NR226 / NR-226 EXAM 2 (LATEST UPDATE 2025):
FUNDAMENTALS – PATIENT CARE | COMPLETE GUIDE
WITH QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100%
CORRECT - CHAMBERLAIN
3 Purposes of Blood Transfusion .....ANSWER.....1. Increase
circulating blood volume after surgery
2. increasing the number of RBCs and maintaining hemoglobin
levels in patients with severe anemia
3. Providing selected cellular components as replacement
therapy (ex: clotting factors, platelets, albumin)
Acid Production .....ANSWER.....Respiratory acid: CO2 converts to
carbonic acid
Metabolic acids: any acids that are not carbonic, e.g.: citric acid,
lactic acid, etc.
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Acid-Base Imbalance .....ANSWER.....normal acid-base balance is
maintained with acid excretion equal to acid production
The lungs and kidneys control acid-base balance of the body
*the lungs are much faster than the kidneys with compensating
for the body
acids release H+ ions
bases take up H+ ions
The more H+ ions that are present, the more acidic the solution
If pH goes outside the normal range, enzymes within the cells do
not function properly; hemoglobin does not manage oxygen
,Page 3 of 73
properly; and serious physiological problems occur, including
death
arterial blood gases (ABGs) are used to monitor a patient's acid-
base balance
ABG's are drawn by respiratory therapists from the radial
artery
Actual Loss .....ANSWER.....occurs when a person can no longer
feel, hear, or know a person or object
ANA .....ANSWER.....has developed the Scopes and Standards
for Hospice and Palliative Care
, Page 4 of 73
also use American Society of Pain Management Nurses and
American Association of Critical Care Nurses guidelines for
managing clinical and ethical issues at the end of life
Assessment .....ANSWER.....-First, assess the patient's age to
determine their risk- old and young are at higher risk
-environment: excessive heat?
-dietary intake
-lifestyle: alcohol
-medications
Blood Transfusion .....ANSWER.....-Universal donor: O
-Universal recipient: AB
Autologous Transfusion: can collect own blood up to 6 weeks
before a surgery
NR226 / NR-226 EXAM 2 (LATEST UPDATE 2025):
FUNDAMENTALS – PATIENT CARE | COMPLETE GUIDE
WITH QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100%
CORRECT - CHAMBERLAIN
3 Purposes of Blood Transfusion .....ANSWER.....1. Increase
circulating blood volume after surgery
2. increasing the number of RBCs and maintaining hemoglobin
levels in patients with severe anemia
3. Providing selected cellular components as replacement
therapy (ex: clotting factors, platelets, albumin)
Acid Production .....ANSWER.....Respiratory acid: CO2 converts to
carbonic acid
Metabolic acids: any acids that are not carbonic, e.g.: citric acid,
lactic acid, etc.
,Page 2 of 73
Acid-Base Imbalance .....ANSWER.....normal acid-base balance is
maintained with acid excretion equal to acid production
The lungs and kidneys control acid-base balance of the body
*the lungs are much faster than the kidneys with compensating
for the body
acids release H+ ions
bases take up H+ ions
The more H+ ions that are present, the more acidic the solution
If pH goes outside the normal range, enzymes within the cells do
not function properly; hemoglobin does not manage oxygen
,Page 3 of 73
properly; and serious physiological problems occur, including
death
arterial blood gases (ABGs) are used to monitor a patient's acid-
base balance
ABG's are drawn by respiratory therapists from the radial
artery
Actual Loss .....ANSWER.....occurs when a person can no longer
feel, hear, or know a person or object
ANA .....ANSWER.....has developed the Scopes and Standards
for Hospice and Palliative Care
, Page 4 of 73
also use American Society of Pain Management Nurses and
American Association of Critical Care Nurses guidelines for
managing clinical and ethical issues at the end of life
Assessment .....ANSWER.....-First, assess the patient's age to
determine their risk- old and young are at higher risk
-environment: excessive heat?
-dietary intake
-lifestyle: alcohol
-medications
Blood Transfusion .....ANSWER.....-Universal donor: O
-Universal recipient: AB
Autologous Transfusion: can collect own blood up to 6 weeks
before a surgery
