Exam (elaborations) NURSING NUR 2063 (NURSING NUR 2063) Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 1 review sheet. Rasmussen College LATEST VERSION 2021.

Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #1 Review Sheet Covers Modules 1, 2, and 3 – Chapters 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 24, 51, 52, 53 1. Define pathophysiology. What does the study of pathophysiology include? Pathophysiology- refers to the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings (Study of disease) • The Study of pathophysiology includes: o Etiology- study of causes or reasons for phenomena o Pathogenesis- development or evolution of disease, from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestations of the diseas o Clinical Manifestations- Signs and Symptoms o Treatment implications- Understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical consequences of a particular disorder/disease/illness may determine which treatments could be helpful 2. Review terms such as signs, symptoms, acute, chronic, exacerbation, remission, convalescence, and sequela . • Signs- objective or observed manifestation of disease. (Ex. Rash & Change in temp.) • Symptoms- subjective feeling of abnormality in the body; Comes from patient(Ex. Pain, nausea & headache) • Acute- short-lived; may have severe manifestation • Chronic- may last months to years, sometimes following an acute course • Exacerbation- a sudden increase in severity of disease or signs or symptoms • Remission- decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured (Ex. Cancer, lupus & MS) • Convalescence- stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure (Ex. Flu) • Sequela- subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an illness (Ex. Sclerosis of liver can cause scarring and damage, renal failure; consequence is damage to blood vessels for kidneys which causes kidney damage) 3. What is epidemiology? Review the different levels of disease prevention such as primary, secondary, and tertiary as well as examples for each. Epidemiology- study of the patterns of disease involving populations; How one disease transferred from one person to another. • The three levels are: o Primary- altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons (Ex. Immunizations are the best primary way to prevent diseases) o Secondary- early detection, screening, and management of disease (Ex. Cancer screening and monthly breast exams; mammograms) o Tertiary - rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning. Pt is already dealing with the issue and we should try to help them recover. (Ex. PT/OT following stroke) 4. Review the difference between homeostasis and allostasis. • Homeostasis - a state in which all systems are in balance, a state of equilibrium • Allostasis - ability to successfully adapt to challenges In homeostasis the body is already balanced whereas in Allostasis it’s trying to get the body back to its homeostasis stage. 5. Review the three different stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) including the alarm stage, adaptation/resistance, and exhaustion stage. What hormones are released during the alarm stage and what effects do they have on the body? General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) happens when stressors are activated. The three stages are the following: • Alarm Stage- fight-or-flight response as the result of stressful stimulus; reduced resistance to other stressors. During this stage the hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) to activate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Once the SNS is activated it stimulates the adrenal medulla to release the catecholamines — norepinephrine and epinephrine. The norepinephrine and epinephrine increase the heart rate and BP. The ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids, specifically cortisol. • Adaption/ Resistance Stage- activity of the nervous and endocrine systems in returning the body to homeostasis; The body determines how to deal with the stressor and is trying to restore it to its homeostasis state. Exhaustion Stage- If the stressor was not overcome, the body gets to this stage; point where body can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to the stressor. The body can go into Allostatic overload at this point which can cause wear and tear to the body. (Ex. The immune system weakens which can result in a possible