2025| 026 MIC 220 Biology of Microorganisms (Section 1-7) 100 Arizona State University

2025| 026 MIC 220 Biology of Microorganisms (Section 1-7) 100 Arizona State University 2025| 026 MIC 220 Biology of Microorganisms (Section 1-7) 100 Arizona State University Section 1: Energy Generation & Central Metabolism (Questions 1–25) 1. Which process converts glucose into pyruvate while producing ATP and NADH? A) Citric acid cycle B) Glycolysis C) Oxidative phosphorylation D) Calvin cycle 2. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when: A) ATP is produced using a proton gradient B) ATP is produced directly from a high-energy substrate C) NADH is oxidized to NAD+ D) Glucose is fixed into biomass 3. In cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor in aerobic organisms is: A) NAD+ B) Oxygen C) Pyruvate D) FAD 4. Which of the following is a reducing agent? A) Oxygen B) NADH C) CO2 D) Water 5. A chemoorganotroph obtains its energy from: A) Light B) Inorganic chemicals C) Organic molecules D) Water 6. The proton-motive force is created by: A) Direct ATP synthesis B) Transport of electrons C) Transport of protons across a membrane D) Fermentation 7. Which fermentation produces two molecules of lactic acid per glucose? A) Homolactic fermentation B) Ethanolic fermentation C) Heterolactic fermentation D) Mixed-acid fermentation 8. The Citric Acid Cycle produces per acetyl-CoA: A) 1 NADH, 3 FADH2, 1 ATP B) 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP C) 2 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP D) 3 NADH, 2 FADH2, 0 ATP 9. How many net ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis per glucose? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 10. Which pathway produces the most NADH? A) Glycolysis B) Citric Acid Cycle C) Fermentation D) Calvin cycle 11. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in: A) Cytoplasm of eukaryotes B) Mitochondrial matrix C) Inner mitochondrial membrane D) Ribosome 12. Fermenting microbes maintain redox balance by: A) Pumping protons across the membrane B) Recycling NADH to NAD+ C) Using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor D) Increasing ATP yield from substrate-level phosphorylation 13. Which molecule is a common electron carrier in cells? A) ATP B) NAD+/NADH C) Glucose D) CO2 14. The energy released by redox reactions is primarily used to: A) Increase entropy B) Build cellular materials C) Hydrolyze water D) Transport oxygen 15. During fermentation, ATP production is: A) Higher than respiration B) Lower than respiration C) Equal to oxidative phosphorylation D) Independent of substrate availability 16. Which of the following describes ΔG? A) Change in enthalpy B) Free energy change C) Change in entropy D) Proton-motive force 17. Substrate-level phosphorylation differs from oxidative phosphorylation in that it: A) Requires oxygen B) Directly transfers phosphate from a substrate to ADP C) Creates a proton gradient D) Produces NADH 18. In glycolysis, glucose (6C) is converted into: A) 1 pyruvate B) 2 pyruvate C) 2 acetyl-CoA D) 1 acetyl-CoA 19. During anaerobic respiration, the terminal electron acceptor is: A) Oxygen B) Nitrate or sulfate C) NAD+ D) Glucose 20. Which of the following is true about redox towers? A) Larger differences between electron donors and acceptors yield more energy B) Smaller differences between electron donors and acceptors yield more energy C) They measure pH changes D) They are only relevant to fermentation 21. What is the main difference between chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs? A) Chemoautotrophs use light; photoautotrophs use chemicals B) Chemoautotrophs use inorganic chemicals; photoautotrophs use light C) Both use organic chemicals D) Both use ATP directly 22. Glycolysis in prokaryotes occurs in: A) Cytoplasm B) Mitochondria C) Ribosome D) Thylakoid membrane 23. ATP synthase uses which force to produce ATP? A) Chemical bond energy B) Proton-motive force C) Substrate-level phosphorylation D) Light energy 24. Ethanolic fermentation produces: A) 2 lactic acids B) 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 C) 1 ethanol + 1 CO2 D) 2 acetate + H2 25. Reducing CO2 into sugar is energetically costly because: A) CO2 is already reduced B) It requires electrons from NADH or NADPH C) Light energy is insufficient D) No ATP is produced