Cogs 115 Midterm Exam With All Answers b b b b b b
Correct b
Lecture b1 b- b bcorrect banswer- b b b b b
Any bprocess brequiring binformation bprocessing bwithin ba
b b b b b b
complex b(neural) bsystem, bresulting bin bstate bchanges bthat
b b b b b b b
contribute btowards baction bor bre-presentation b- b bcorrect banswer-Cognition
b b b b b b b b
Developmental bpsychologists bwant bto bknow... b- b bcorrect banswer--How bto b b b b b b b b b
bcharacterize bthese bbehaviors?
b b b
• bDetails: b"Uses blanguage" bisn't bspecific benough
b b b b b b
• bHard bto binfer band bspecifically bdescribe bwhat bchanged!
b b b b b b b b
- bHow bdoes bchange boccur?
b b b b
• bSame bin bhuman b& bother bapes? bPrimates? bMammals?
b b b b b b b b
• bSame bin ball bchildren, bor bvariable?
b b b b b b
• bWhy bdoes bit bsometimes bgo bwrong?
b b b b b b
origins bin bcognitive bdevelopmental
b b b
science b- b bcorrect banswer-Nativism b b b b
_______ busually bsay bnothing babout bbiology, bor bmake
b b b b b b b
vague breference b(e.g., bevolution) bwithout bknowing bbasic
b b b b b b
facts babout bdev bbio bthat bshould bconstrain btheory b- b bcorrect banswer-Nativists
b b b b b b b b b b b
How bmany bkinds bof bcells, bneurons, bneurotransmitters,
b b b b b b
receptors, betc., bin bthe bbrain? b- b bcorrect banswer-Cells: bnot bjust bneurons, bglia b
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Neurons: banterior bhorn, bbasket, bbipolar, bclimbing, bdendritic, bGolgi bI band
b b b b b b b b b
II, bgranule b(several), bmitral, bmossy, bpseudo-unipolar, bPurkinje,
b b b b b b
pyramidal, bRGCs, bspindle, bspiny b... b b b b b b
Neurotransmitters: b b
-Ach; bDa, b5-HT, bNe, bEpi b
b b b b b
-Amino bacids: bGlu, bGABA, bAsp, bD-serine, bGlycine,; bPeptides b(P, bY,
b b b b b b b b b
opioids); bSteroid bhormones b(Est; bTest) b b b b
,-Light
How bmany bneurons? b- b bcorrect banswer-86b b(in badult bmales)
b b b b b b b b b
Organizational bprinciple: b
- bConservation bacross bspecies b(e.g., bproportion bof bcortical bto
b b b b b b b b
cerebellar bneurons) b
- bConservation bacross bstructures
b b b
ex: b7TMR bor bGPCR bproteins...
b b b b
- b7 btrans-membrane breceptor bor bG bProtein bCoupled bReceptors b- b bcorrect
b b b b b b b b b b b
banswer-Conservation
b
Conservation
7 bTrans-Membrane bReceptors b(7TMR) bor bGPCRs: b
b b b b b b
•In bALL banimals. bFunctions: bVision, b_______________ b, bmood, barousal,
b b b b b b b b
binflammation, b_________ b___________ b, b___________ b(e.g., bH2O), bmotor
b b b b b b b b
bresponse b(worms) b- b bcorrect banswer-chemosensation
b b b b b b
autonomic bresponse b
homeostasis
7 bTrans-Membrane bReceptors b(7TMR) bor bGPCRs: b
b b b b b b
• bLigands: bDA b(dopamine), b5HT b(serotonin), bNe b(norepinephrine), bGABA,
b b b b b b b b
bpeptides
b
(e.g., boxytocin), bglutamate, bhistamine, bcalcitonin, blight... b- b bcorrect banswer-
b b b b b b b b b
Lecture b2 b- b bcorrect banswer- b b b b b
Why bis bnativism bcompelling? b_______ b-specific, bearly bemerging btraits,
b b b b b b b b
bespecially blanguage
b b
Ex: bsome banimals bshow bcomplex bbehaviors bwithout
b b b b b b
apparent btraining bexperience b b
bb- bDark-reared banimals bof bsome bspecies bavoid ba b'visual bcliff'
b b b b b b b b b
- bStiles b(p. b5): bstudies bthat b"purport bto bpresent bevidence bof
b b b b b b b b b b
'core bknowledge' bin bthe babsence bof bprior bexperience" b- b bcorrect banswer-
b b b b b b b b b b b
Species
Problem bwith bspecies-specific btraits: b b b b b
Language:
- bOnly b__ bspecies
b b b
- bObviously bthe bparticulars bare blearned
b b b b b
- bBut bmaybe bsome babstract bcharacteristics bare b_________ band
b b b b b b b b
(largely) b__________ b(see bStiles bp. b4) b b b b b
- bGenetic blinkages bhave bbeen bdocumented bin bfamily-linked
b b b b b b b
language bdisorder b(FOXP2 bpoint bmutation) b- b bcorrect banswer-1
b b b b b b b b
universal b b
invariant
, but:
- bSome baspects bof blanguage bare b_________ bby bother bspecies
b b b b b b b b b
- bHaven't bconverged bon bwhat's buniversal band binvariant
b b b b b b b
• bHuge b__________ bin balmost bevery baspect bof blanguage b- b bcorrect banswer-
b b b b b b b b b b b b
learnable b b
variability
Interpretation bof bball bdropping btest: bNativist b- b bcorrect banswer-• bShows binfants' b b b b b b b b b b b
b"core b(innate) bknowledge" bof bphysics: bsolid bobjects bcan't
b b b b b b b b
pass bthrough bother bobjects
b b b
• b"Core bknowledge," bthough ba bpopular bidea, bremains bvaguely bdefined band
b b b b b b b b b b
rests bonly bon bdata bfrom bthis bmethod
b b b b b b
Interpretation bof bball bdropping btest: bConstructivist b- b bcorrect banswer-• bLarge bball b b b b b b b b b b b
bis bperceptually bmore bsalient,
b b b b
• binfants bhave blearned bto blook blonger bat bmore bsalient bevents
b b b b b b b b b b
• bEvidence bfor bperceptual baccount: bResults bare boften bfragile
b b b b b b b b
Problems bwith bTest: b- b bcorrect banswer-1. bThese bstudies btest binfants bwho've
b b b b b b b b b b b
bbeen bwatching bphysical
b b b
events bfor bmonths. bWhat's blearned, b& bwhen?
b b b b b b
2. bIf binfants binnately b'understand' bgravity, bwhy bdo b2-year-olds bmake bthis berror?
b b b b b b b b b b b
*Knowledge bof bhow bphysical bvariables bconstrain bmotion bis bfragile, beven bin b b b b b b b b b b
bmuch bolder bchildren
b b b
innate bvs. bcongenital: b b
What's bso bspecial babout bbirth? b- b bcorrect banswer-experience bstarts bat
b b b b b b b b b b
bconception
b
What bcounts bas b"learning?" b- b bcorrect banswer-What bwe bthink bof bas b"learning"
b b b b b b b b b b b b
bis bonly bone btype bof bexperience bthat bcan bdrive bdevelopment
b b b b b b b b b b
- bEXAMPLE: bstudies bof bimprinting b(Gottlieb)
b b b b b
Where bdo bcongenital bimprinting bpreferences bcome bfrom? b- b bcorrect banswer-
b b b b b b b b b b
Gottlieb: bmultimodal b(not bjust bvisual!) bexperience b- bwith
b b b b b b b
nestmates, bnot badults! b b
- bNecessity bof baudition
b b b
Take-away bpoints: b b b
• bWe bcan't bintuit bthe brelation bbetween bexperience band
b b b b b b b b
development bof btraits b b
• bExperience bbegins bin butero:
b b b b
- bNeonates bprefer bmaternal bvoice b(DeCasper b& bFifer, b1980)
b b b b b b b b
• bBehavioral bphenotypes band bdisorders bhave bgenetic
b b b b b b
____________ band____________ b, b b
- bbut bjust blike bmost bdiseases, bthere bare brarely bsingle-gene bcauses
b b b b b b b b b b
Correct b
Lecture b1 b- b bcorrect banswer- b b b b b
Any bprocess brequiring binformation bprocessing bwithin ba
b b b b b b
complex b(neural) bsystem, bresulting bin bstate bchanges bthat
b b b b b b b
contribute btowards baction bor bre-presentation b- b bcorrect banswer-Cognition
b b b b b b b b
Developmental bpsychologists bwant bto bknow... b- b bcorrect banswer--How bto b b b b b b b b b
bcharacterize bthese bbehaviors?
b b b
• bDetails: b"Uses blanguage" bisn't bspecific benough
b b b b b b
• bHard bto binfer band bspecifically bdescribe bwhat bchanged!
b b b b b b b b
- bHow bdoes bchange boccur?
b b b b
• bSame bin bhuman b& bother bapes? bPrimates? bMammals?
b b b b b b b b
• bSame bin ball bchildren, bor bvariable?
b b b b b b
• bWhy bdoes bit bsometimes bgo bwrong?
b b b b b b
origins bin bcognitive bdevelopmental
b b b
science b- b bcorrect banswer-Nativism b b b b
_______ busually bsay bnothing babout bbiology, bor bmake
b b b b b b b
vague breference b(e.g., bevolution) bwithout bknowing bbasic
b b b b b b
facts babout bdev bbio bthat bshould bconstrain btheory b- b bcorrect banswer-Nativists
b b b b b b b b b b b
How bmany bkinds bof bcells, bneurons, bneurotransmitters,
b b b b b b
receptors, betc., bin bthe bbrain? b- b bcorrect banswer-Cells: bnot bjust bneurons, bglia b
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Neurons: banterior bhorn, bbasket, bbipolar, bclimbing, bdendritic, bGolgi bI band
b b b b b b b b b
II, bgranule b(several), bmitral, bmossy, bpseudo-unipolar, bPurkinje,
b b b b b b
pyramidal, bRGCs, bspindle, bspiny b... b b b b b b
Neurotransmitters: b b
-Ach; bDa, b5-HT, bNe, bEpi b
b b b b b
-Amino bacids: bGlu, bGABA, bAsp, bD-serine, bGlycine,; bPeptides b(P, bY,
b b b b b b b b b
opioids); bSteroid bhormones b(Est; bTest) b b b b
,-Light
How bmany bneurons? b- b bcorrect banswer-86b b(in badult bmales)
b b b b b b b b b
Organizational bprinciple: b
- bConservation bacross bspecies b(e.g., bproportion bof bcortical bto
b b b b b b b b
cerebellar bneurons) b
- bConservation bacross bstructures
b b b
ex: b7TMR bor bGPCR bproteins...
b b b b
- b7 btrans-membrane breceptor bor bG bProtein bCoupled bReceptors b- b bcorrect
b b b b b b b b b b b
banswer-Conservation
b
Conservation
7 bTrans-Membrane bReceptors b(7TMR) bor bGPCRs: b
b b b b b b
•In bALL banimals. bFunctions: bVision, b_______________ b, bmood, barousal,
b b b b b b b b
binflammation, b_________ b___________ b, b___________ b(e.g., bH2O), bmotor
b b b b b b b b
bresponse b(worms) b- b bcorrect banswer-chemosensation
b b b b b b
autonomic bresponse b
homeostasis
7 bTrans-Membrane bReceptors b(7TMR) bor bGPCRs: b
b b b b b b
• bLigands: bDA b(dopamine), b5HT b(serotonin), bNe b(norepinephrine), bGABA,
b b b b b b b b
bpeptides
b
(e.g., boxytocin), bglutamate, bhistamine, bcalcitonin, blight... b- b bcorrect banswer-
b b b b b b b b b
Lecture b2 b- b bcorrect banswer- b b b b b
Why bis bnativism bcompelling? b_______ b-specific, bearly bemerging btraits,
b b b b b b b b
bespecially blanguage
b b
Ex: bsome banimals bshow bcomplex bbehaviors bwithout
b b b b b b
apparent btraining bexperience b b
bb- bDark-reared banimals bof bsome bspecies bavoid ba b'visual bcliff'
b b b b b b b b b
- bStiles b(p. b5): bstudies bthat b"purport bto bpresent bevidence bof
b b b b b b b b b b
'core bknowledge' bin bthe babsence bof bprior bexperience" b- b bcorrect banswer-
b b b b b b b b b b b
Species
Problem bwith bspecies-specific btraits: b b b b b
Language:
- bOnly b__ bspecies
b b b
- bObviously bthe bparticulars bare blearned
b b b b b
- bBut bmaybe bsome babstract bcharacteristics bare b_________ band
b b b b b b b b
(largely) b__________ b(see bStiles bp. b4) b b b b b
- bGenetic blinkages bhave bbeen bdocumented bin bfamily-linked
b b b b b b b
language bdisorder b(FOXP2 bpoint bmutation) b- b bcorrect banswer-1
b b b b b b b b
universal b b
invariant
, but:
- bSome baspects bof blanguage bare b_________ bby bother bspecies
b b b b b b b b b
- bHaven't bconverged bon bwhat's buniversal band binvariant
b b b b b b b
• bHuge b__________ bin balmost bevery baspect bof blanguage b- b bcorrect banswer-
b b b b b b b b b b b b
learnable b b
variability
Interpretation bof bball bdropping btest: bNativist b- b bcorrect banswer-• bShows binfants' b b b b b b b b b b b
b"core b(innate) bknowledge" bof bphysics: bsolid bobjects bcan't
b b b b b b b b
pass bthrough bother bobjects
b b b
• b"Core bknowledge," bthough ba bpopular bidea, bremains bvaguely bdefined band
b b b b b b b b b b
rests bonly bon bdata bfrom bthis bmethod
b b b b b b
Interpretation bof bball bdropping btest: bConstructivist b- b bcorrect banswer-• bLarge bball b b b b b b b b b b b
bis bperceptually bmore bsalient,
b b b b
• binfants bhave blearned bto blook blonger bat bmore bsalient bevents
b b b b b b b b b b
• bEvidence bfor bperceptual baccount: bResults bare boften bfragile
b b b b b b b b
Problems bwith bTest: b- b bcorrect banswer-1. bThese bstudies btest binfants bwho've
b b b b b b b b b b b
bbeen bwatching bphysical
b b b
events bfor bmonths. bWhat's blearned, b& bwhen?
b b b b b b
2. bIf binfants binnately b'understand' bgravity, bwhy bdo b2-year-olds bmake bthis berror?
b b b b b b b b b b b
*Knowledge bof bhow bphysical bvariables bconstrain bmotion bis bfragile, beven bin b b b b b b b b b b
bmuch bolder bchildren
b b b
innate bvs. bcongenital: b b
What's bso bspecial babout bbirth? b- b bcorrect banswer-experience bstarts bat
b b b b b b b b b b
bconception
b
What bcounts bas b"learning?" b- b bcorrect banswer-What bwe bthink bof bas b"learning"
b b b b b b b b b b b b
bis bonly bone btype bof bexperience bthat bcan bdrive bdevelopment
b b b b b b b b b b
- bEXAMPLE: bstudies bof bimprinting b(Gottlieb)
b b b b b
Where bdo bcongenital bimprinting bpreferences bcome bfrom? b- b bcorrect banswer-
b b b b b b b b b b
Gottlieb: bmultimodal b(not bjust bvisual!) bexperience b- bwith
b b b b b b b
nestmates, bnot badults! b b
- bNecessity bof baudition
b b b
Take-away bpoints: b b b
• bWe bcan't bintuit bthe brelation bbetween bexperience band
b b b b b b b b
development bof btraits b b
• bExperience bbegins bin butero:
b b b b
- bNeonates bprefer bmaternal bvoice b(DeCasper b& bFifer, b1980)
b b b b b b b b
• bBehavioral bphenotypes band bdisorders bhave bgenetic
b b b b b b
____________ band____________ b, b b
- bbut bjust blike bmost bdiseases, bthere bare brarely bsingle-gene bcauses
b b b b b b b b b b
