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BIOL 1107
BIOL 1107 Exam 4 – Principles of Biology I (Latest 2026/ 2027
Update) Review| 100% Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A
Eukaryotic Transcription - ANS - Transcription occurs in nucleus, translation occurs in
ribosome
- RNA Pol I, RNA Pol II, RNA Pol III
- Pre-mRNA is made before and yields mRNA
- RNA polymerase contains 7-10 subunits
Post-Transcriptional Modification: 5' Capping - ANS methyl group added to 5' end to
allow mRNA to bind to ribosome
Post-Transcriptional Modification: Polyadenylation - ANS poly A tail added to 3' end to
prevent degradation during transport from nucleus
Post-Transcriptional Modification: Splicing - ANS Introns removed, Exons remain
Post-Transcriptional Modification: Alternative Splicing - ANS Exon shuffling, different
combinations of exons
Transcription vs. DNA Replication - ANS DNA replication:
- both strands at one time
BIOL 1107
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BIOL 1107
- The entire molecule
- Uses DNA polymerase
- Forms double stranded DNA
Transcription:
- one portion of the DNA
- Single stranded
- Uses RNA polymerase
- Forms mRNA for one gene
Translation - ANS Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Step 1: Initiation - ANS Complexes assemble of start codon: AUG
Step 2: Elongation - ANS Reads string of codons one at a time, joins amino acids
together.
Step 3: Termination - ANS Last amino acid specified by code joins at the polypeptide
chain, stop codon signals end of translation (release factor), complex disassembles.
Genetic Code: Redundant - ANS multiple codons can encode 1 amino acid
Genetic Code: Unambiguous - ANS Each codon can only code for a single amino acid
Genetic Code: Comma-less - ANS Codons read without breaks or gaps
Genetic Code: Universal - ANS The same for all organisms.
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Genetic Code: Non-overlapping - ANS Codons are read one at a time, 3 nucleotides read
at a time.
tRNA - ANS transfer RNA - type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
Anticodon - ANS Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to
an mRNA codon
Aminoacylation - ANS Process of attaching correct amino acids to tRNA.
yields aminoacyl-tRNA
Ribosome - ANS Translate mRNA into chains of amino acids, found free floating in
cytoplasm or attached to RER
Ribosome: Large subunit - ANS Binds with mRNA and the other ribosomal subunit to
begin translation
Ribosome: Small subunit - ANS Holds mRNA in place during translation
Ribosome: A Site - ANS Where peptide bond forms and tRNA enters
Ribosome: P Site - ANS Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
Ribosome: E Site - ANS Where tRNA leaves the ribosome, "Exit Site"
Polysomes - ANS Multiple translation sites on each mRNA strand.
Shorter peptide sequence = more recent attachment
BIOL 1107
BIOL 1107
BIOL 1107 Exam 4 – Principles of Biology I (Latest 2026/ 2027
Update) Review| 100% Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A
Eukaryotic Transcription - ANS - Transcription occurs in nucleus, translation occurs in
ribosome
- RNA Pol I, RNA Pol II, RNA Pol III
- Pre-mRNA is made before and yields mRNA
- RNA polymerase contains 7-10 subunits
Post-Transcriptional Modification: 5' Capping - ANS methyl group added to 5' end to
allow mRNA to bind to ribosome
Post-Transcriptional Modification: Polyadenylation - ANS poly A tail added to 3' end to
prevent degradation during transport from nucleus
Post-Transcriptional Modification: Splicing - ANS Introns removed, Exons remain
Post-Transcriptional Modification: Alternative Splicing - ANS Exon shuffling, different
combinations of exons
Transcription vs. DNA Replication - ANS DNA replication:
- both strands at one time
BIOL 1107
, 2
BIOL 1107
- The entire molecule
- Uses DNA polymerase
- Forms double stranded DNA
Transcription:
- one portion of the DNA
- Single stranded
- Uses RNA polymerase
- Forms mRNA for one gene
Translation - ANS Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Step 1: Initiation - ANS Complexes assemble of start codon: AUG
Step 2: Elongation - ANS Reads string of codons one at a time, joins amino acids
together.
Step 3: Termination - ANS Last amino acid specified by code joins at the polypeptide
chain, stop codon signals end of translation (release factor), complex disassembles.
Genetic Code: Redundant - ANS multiple codons can encode 1 amino acid
Genetic Code: Unambiguous - ANS Each codon can only code for a single amino acid
Genetic Code: Comma-less - ANS Codons read without breaks or gaps
Genetic Code: Universal - ANS The same for all organisms.
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BIOL 1107
Genetic Code: Non-overlapping - ANS Codons are read one at a time, 3 nucleotides read
at a time.
tRNA - ANS transfer RNA - type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
Anticodon - ANS Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to
an mRNA codon
Aminoacylation - ANS Process of attaching correct amino acids to tRNA.
yields aminoacyl-tRNA
Ribosome - ANS Translate mRNA into chains of amino acids, found free floating in
cytoplasm or attached to RER
Ribosome: Large subunit - ANS Binds with mRNA and the other ribosomal subunit to
begin translation
Ribosome: Small subunit - ANS Holds mRNA in place during translation
Ribosome: A Site - ANS Where peptide bond forms and tRNA enters
Ribosome: P Site - ANS Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
Ribosome: E Site - ANS Where tRNA leaves the ribosome, "Exit Site"
Polysomes - ANS Multiple translation sites on each mRNA strand.
Shorter peptide sequence = more recent attachment
BIOL 1107
