Counseling Skills and Interventions - NCMHCE
Prep Exam Guide 2025-2026
1. Therapeutic In- Require the use of foundational models incorporating philosophy, theory, and
terventions practice methodologies
Methods used during practice with clients
2. Counseling A treatment that allows the client to express emotions while the therapist provides
support, education, and feedback
3. Psychotherapy Remediation process that involves getting to the root cause of the problem
4. Cognitive-Behav- Focuses on the impact that thoughts have on behavior and feelings
ioral Therapy Encourages the individual to use the power of rational thought to alter percep-
(CBT) tions and behavior
Usually short-term (12-20 sessions)
Acknowledges that not all problems can be resolved, but one can deal ditterently
with problems
Approaches to CBT - cognitive therapy, REBT, DBT
5. Cognitive-Behav- Form of exposure therapy done in a group environment
ioral Group Usually limited to about 6 clients with 1 or (preferably) 2 therapists
Therapy (CBGT) Equal mix of genders helps with social phobias
for social phobias Clients with ditterent types of fears help complement each other during therapy
6. Subjective Units 0-10 scale of distress
of Distress Rating Used in CBGT
Scale
7. Personal Science Developed in 1977 by Michael Mahoney
Based on Cognitive-Behavioral approach
Acronym SCIENCE is used to explain sequential steps through which the therapist
guides the client to solve a problem
8. SCIENCE - Per- S - specification of the problem
sonal Science C - Collection of data or facts
, Counseling Skills and Interventions - NCMHCE
Prep Exam Guide 2025-2026
I - Identification of patterns or reasons for existing behaviors
E - examination of choices that can be used to modify behavior
N - narrowing the options and experimenting with possible modifications
C - comparing data or facts
E - expanding, modifying, or substituting unwanted behaviors
9. Psychobehav- Developed in 1971 by George E Woody
ioral therapy Combination of psychoanalytic and behavioral techniques with a variety of eclectic
approach
Based on cognitive-behavioral approach
10. Cognitive-client Cognitive-attective model designed by David Wexler in 1974
therapy Information Processing Theory - foundation for beliefs concerning cognitive roles
11. Acceptance Com- Approaches behavioral change from a ditterent perspective than CBT
mitment Therapy Clients are encouraged to examine their thought processes (cognitive defusion)
(AC) when undergoing episodes of anxiety/depression
Mindfulness
Clients are encouraged to examine their values/control those things under their
control (like facial expression/actions)
12. ACT Accepting reactions
Choosing a direction
Taking action to ettect change
13. Aaron Beck's Discovered that during psychotherapy clients often had a 2nd set of thoughts
Cognitive Thera- while undergoing 'free association'
py Called these automatic thoughts - were labeled and interpreted according to a
personal set of rules
14. Cognitive disor- Dysfunctional automatic thoughts
ders (Beck) Aaron's Beck's Cognitive Therapy
, Counseling Skills and Interventions - NCMHCE
Prep Exam Guide 2025-2026
15. Beck's triad The self
of negative The environment The world
thoughts
16. Therapy/client Collaborative partnership
relationship - Goals are determined together
Beck's Cognitive Therapist encourages client to disagree when appropriate
Therapy
17. Process of thera- Therapy explains the perception of reality is not reality, the interpretation of
py - Beck's Cogni- sensory input depends on cognitive processes, the client is taught to recognize
tive Therapy maladaptive ideation, identifying observable behavior, underlying motivation,
and their thoughts and beliefs, the client practices distancing the maladaptive
thoughts, explores their conclusions and tests them against reality
18. Conclusions - Client makes the rules less extreme and absolute, drops false rules, and substi-
Beck's Cognitive tutes adaptive rules
Therapy
19. Ego State - Eric One's personal frame of mind
Berne's Transac-
tional Analysis
20. Parent - Eric Parents who exhibit feelings/behavior learned from their parents, which may be
Berne's Transac- nurturing or critical
tional Analysis
21. Adult - Eric An individual who exhibits feelings/behaviors of a mature adult
Berne's Transac-
tional Analysis
22. An individual who exhibits feelings/behaviors natural to children under seven
years old
, Counseling Skills and Interventions - NCMHCE
Prep Exam Guide 2025-2026
Child - Eric
Berne's Transac-
tional Analysis
23. Transaction - Eric Verbal and nonverbal communication between two peopl
Berne's Transac-
tional Analysis
24. Complementary A message sent from the ego state of Person A which is responded to in that same
transactions - ego state, or a message sent to the ego state of Person B which is responded to
Eric Berne's in that same ego state
Transactional
Analysis
25. Crossed trans- A message sent from the ego state of Person A which is responded to in another
actions - Eric ego state, or a message sent to the ego state of Person B which is responded to
Berne's Transac- from another ego state
tional Analysis
26. Ulterior trans- Messages that occur on two levels, the social or overt level and the hidden or
actions - Eric psychological level
Berne's Transac-
tional Analysis
27. Behaviorism Anticipates that the client can unlearn dysfunctional behaviors
Pavlov's dogs
Watson and Rayner - conditioned a young boy to develop a phobia of white, furry
animals
B. F. Skinner experimented with operant conditioning - where feelings and actions
are reinforced and rewarded (to stop a behavior is to take away the reinforcement)
28. Operant Condi-
tioning
Prep Exam Guide 2025-2026
1. Therapeutic In- Require the use of foundational models incorporating philosophy, theory, and
terventions practice methodologies
Methods used during practice with clients
2. Counseling A treatment that allows the client to express emotions while the therapist provides
support, education, and feedback
3. Psychotherapy Remediation process that involves getting to the root cause of the problem
4. Cognitive-Behav- Focuses on the impact that thoughts have on behavior and feelings
ioral Therapy Encourages the individual to use the power of rational thought to alter percep-
(CBT) tions and behavior
Usually short-term (12-20 sessions)
Acknowledges that not all problems can be resolved, but one can deal ditterently
with problems
Approaches to CBT - cognitive therapy, REBT, DBT
5. Cognitive-Behav- Form of exposure therapy done in a group environment
ioral Group Usually limited to about 6 clients with 1 or (preferably) 2 therapists
Therapy (CBGT) Equal mix of genders helps with social phobias
for social phobias Clients with ditterent types of fears help complement each other during therapy
6. Subjective Units 0-10 scale of distress
of Distress Rating Used in CBGT
Scale
7. Personal Science Developed in 1977 by Michael Mahoney
Based on Cognitive-Behavioral approach
Acronym SCIENCE is used to explain sequential steps through which the therapist
guides the client to solve a problem
8. SCIENCE - Per- S - specification of the problem
sonal Science C - Collection of data or facts
, Counseling Skills and Interventions - NCMHCE
Prep Exam Guide 2025-2026
I - Identification of patterns or reasons for existing behaviors
E - examination of choices that can be used to modify behavior
N - narrowing the options and experimenting with possible modifications
C - comparing data or facts
E - expanding, modifying, or substituting unwanted behaviors
9. Psychobehav- Developed in 1971 by George E Woody
ioral therapy Combination of psychoanalytic and behavioral techniques with a variety of eclectic
approach
Based on cognitive-behavioral approach
10. Cognitive-client Cognitive-attective model designed by David Wexler in 1974
therapy Information Processing Theory - foundation for beliefs concerning cognitive roles
11. Acceptance Com- Approaches behavioral change from a ditterent perspective than CBT
mitment Therapy Clients are encouraged to examine their thought processes (cognitive defusion)
(AC) when undergoing episodes of anxiety/depression
Mindfulness
Clients are encouraged to examine their values/control those things under their
control (like facial expression/actions)
12. ACT Accepting reactions
Choosing a direction
Taking action to ettect change
13. Aaron Beck's Discovered that during psychotherapy clients often had a 2nd set of thoughts
Cognitive Thera- while undergoing 'free association'
py Called these automatic thoughts - were labeled and interpreted according to a
personal set of rules
14. Cognitive disor- Dysfunctional automatic thoughts
ders (Beck) Aaron's Beck's Cognitive Therapy
, Counseling Skills and Interventions - NCMHCE
Prep Exam Guide 2025-2026
15. Beck's triad The self
of negative The environment The world
thoughts
16. Therapy/client Collaborative partnership
relationship - Goals are determined together
Beck's Cognitive Therapist encourages client to disagree when appropriate
Therapy
17. Process of thera- Therapy explains the perception of reality is not reality, the interpretation of
py - Beck's Cogni- sensory input depends on cognitive processes, the client is taught to recognize
tive Therapy maladaptive ideation, identifying observable behavior, underlying motivation,
and their thoughts and beliefs, the client practices distancing the maladaptive
thoughts, explores their conclusions and tests them against reality
18. Conclusions - Client makes the rules less extreme and absolute, drops false rules, and substi-
Beck's Cognitive tutes adaptive rules
Therapy
19. Ego State - Eric One's personal frame of mind
Berne's Transac-
tional Analysis
20. Parent - Eric Parents who exhibit feelings/behavior learned from their parents, which may be
Berne's Transac- nurturing or critical
tional Analysis
21. Adult - Eric An individual who exhibits feelings/behaviors of a mature adult
Berne's Transac-
tional Analysis
22. An individual who exhibits feelings/behaviors natural to children under seven
years old
, Counseling Skills and Interventions - NCMHCE
Prep Exam Guide 2025-2026
Child - Eric
Berne's Transac-
tional Analysis
23. Transaction - Eric Verbal and nonverbal communication between two peopl
Berne's Transac-
tional Analysis
24. Complementary A message sent from the ego state of Person A which is responded to in that same
transactions - ego state, or a message sent to the ego state of Person B which is responded to
Eric Berne's in that same ego state
Transactional
Analysis
25. Crossed trans- A message sent from the ego state of Person A which is responded to in another
actions - Eric ego state, or a message sent to the ego state of Person B which is responded to
Berne's Transac- from another ego state
tional Analysis
26. Ulterior trans- Messages that occur on two levels, the social or overt level and the hidden or
actions - Eric psychological level
Berne's Transac-
tional Analysis
27. Behaviorism Anticipates that the client can unlearn dysfunctional behaviors
Pavlov's dogs
Watson and Rayner - conditioned a young boy to develop a phobia of white, furry
animals
B. F. Skinner experimented with operant conditioning - where feelings and actions
are reinforced and rewarded (to stop a behavior is to take away the reinforcement)
28. Operant Condi-
tioning
