PSYCH 100 - FINAL EXAM MULTIPLE
CHOICE EXAM WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025/2026
Four general beliefs shared by all Neobehaviorists correct
answers >> 1) If theory is used, it must be used in ways
demanded by logical positivism. 2) All theoretical terms must be
operationally defined. 3) Nonhuman animals should be used as
research subjects for two reasons: (1) Relevant variables are
easier to control than they are for human subjects. (2) Perceptual
and learning processes occurring in nonhuman animals differ only
in degree from those processes in humans; therefore, the
information gained from nonhuman animals can be generalized to
humans. 4) The learning process is of prime importance because
it is the primary mechanism by which organisms adjust to
changing environments.
Hypothetico-deductive theory correct answers >> A set of
postulates from which empirical relationships are deduced
(predicted). If the empirical relationships are as predicted, the
theory gains strength; if not, the theory loses strength and must
be revised or abandoned.
Reinforcement correct answers >> For Hull, drive reduction;
for Skinner, anything that increases the rate or the probability of
a response; for Tolman, the confirmation of a hypothesis,
expectation, or belief; for Guthrie, a mechanical arrangement that
prevents unleaming.
Habit strength (SHR) correct answers >> For Hull, the
strength of an association between a stimulus and response. This
,strength depends on the number of reinforced pairings between
the two.
Reaction potential (SER) correct answers >> For Hull, the
probability of a learned response being elicited in a given
situation. This probability is a function of the amount of drive and
habit strength present.
Classical conditioning correct answers >> 1) response
behavior is elicited by the onset of the UCS, which naturally and
inevitably produces it (reflexive-involuntary) 2) Organism
responds to its environment in a fairly passive
manner...respondent conditioning 3) reinforcer (meat powder) is
presented before the response to be conditioned, and is therefore
associated with the stimulus (CS) 4) The conditioning process
occurs as a result of paired associations of the CS and the UCS,
which make the "initially neutral" CS capable of eliciting the same
response as the UCS. 5) The CS and the UCS be presented in
close temporal contiguity for the process of conditioning to be
effective in the general case
Operant conditioning correct answers >> 1) Response
behavior is emitted by the organism and is both spontaneous and
voluntary, rather than reflexive (spontaneous-voluntary) 2)
Organism operates on its environment in an active
manner...operant conditioning 3) Reinforcer (reward) is presented
after the response to be conditioned and is therefore associated
with the response 4) the conditioning process occurs as a result of
the specific reinforcement contingencies or consequences which
follow the response...the response is instrumental to the
production of consequences 5) the effectiveness of the
conditioning depends upon the nature of the consequences (i.e.
punishment or reward), their intensity and their immediacy
, Guthrie, Edwin Ray correct answers >> Accepted the law of
contiguity but not the law of frequency. For him, learning occurs
at full strength after just one association between a pattern of
stimuli and a response.
Law of continuity correct answers >> Guthrie's one law of
learning, which states that when a pattern of stimuli is
experienced along with a response, the two become associated.
In 1959 Guthrie revised the law of contiguity to read, "What is
being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done."
Hull, Clark Leonard correct answers >> Formulated a
complex hypothetico-deductive theory in an attempt to explain all
learning phenomena.
Skinner, Burrhus Frederic correct answers >> A behaviorist
who believed that psychology should study the functional
relationship between environmental events, such as
reinforcement contingencies, and behavior. His work exemplified
positivism, which is the belief that science should study only
those objects or events that can be experienced directly. That is,
all speculation about abstract entities should be avoided.
Tolman, Edward Chace correct answers >> Created a brand
of behaviorism that used mental constructs and emphasized
purposive behavior. Although he employed many intervening
variables, his most important was the cognitive map.
Immanuel Kant correct answers >> He believed that
conscious experience is the result of the interaction between
CHOICE EXAM WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025/2026
Four general beliefs shared by all Neobehaviorists correct
answers >> 1) If theory is used, it must be used in ways
demanded by logical positivism. 2) All theoretical terms must be
operationally defined. 3) Nonhuman animals should be used as
research subjects for two reasons: (1) Relevant variables are
easier to control than they are for human subjects. (2) Perceptual
and learning processes occurring in nonhuman animals differ only
in degree from those processes in humans; therefore, the
information gained from nonhuman animals can be generalized to
humans. 4) The learning process is of prime importance because
it is the primary mechanism by which organisms adjust to
changing environments.
Hypothetico-deductive theory correct answers >> A set of
postulates from which empirical relationships are deduced
(predicted). If the empirical relationships are as predicted, the
theory gains strength; if not, the theory loses strength and must
be revised or abandoned.
Reinforcement correct answers >> For Hull, drive reduction;
for Skinner, anything that increases the rate or the probability of
a response; for Tolman, the confirmation of a hypothesis,
expectation, or belief; for Guthrie, a mechanical arrangement that
prevents unleaming.
Habit strength (SHR) correct answers >> For Hull, the
strength of an association between a stimulus and response. This
,strength depends on the number of reinforced pairings between
the two.
Reaction potential (SER) correct answers >> For Hull, the
probability of a learned response being elicited in a given
situation. This probability is a function of the amount of drive and
habit strength present.
Classical conditioning correct answers >> 1) response
behavior is elicited by the onset of the UCS, which naturally and
inevitably produces it (reflexive-involuntary) 2) Organism
responds to its environment in a fairly passive
manner...respondent conditioning 3) reinforcer (meat powder) is
presented before the response to be conditioned, and is therefore
associated with the stimulus (CS) 4) The conditioning process
occurs as a result of paired associations of the CS and the UCS,
which make the "initially neutral" CS capable of eliciting the same
response as the UCS. 5) The CS and the UCS be presented in
close temporal contiguity for the process of conditioning to be
effective in the general case
Operant conditioning correct answers >> 1) Response
behavior is emitted by the organism and is both spontaneous and
voluntary, rather than reflexive (spontaneous-voluntary) 2)
Organism operates on its environment in an active
manner...operant conditioning 3) Reinforcer (reward) is presented
after the response to be conditioned and is therefore associated
with the response 4) the conditioning process occurs as a result of
the specific reinforcement contingencies or consequences which
follow the response...the response is instrumental to the
production of consequences 5) the effectiveness of the
conditioning depends upon the nature of the consequences (i.e.
punishment or reward), their intensity and their immediacy
, Guthrie, Edwin Ray correct answers >> Accepted the law of
contiguity but not the law of frequency. For him, learning occurs
at full strength after just one association between a pattern of
stimuli and a response.
Law of continuity correct answers >> Guthrie's one law of
learning, which states that when a pattern of stimuli is
experienced along with a response, the two become associated.
In 1959 Guthrie revised the law of contiguity to read, "What is
being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done."
Hull, Clark Leonard correct answers >> Formulated a
complex hypothetico-deductive theory in an attempt to explain all
learning phenomena.
Skinner, Burrhus Frederic correct answers >> A behaviorist
who believed that psychology should study the functional
relationship between environmental events, such as
reinforcement contingencies, and behavior. His work exemplified
positivism, which is the belief that science should study only
those objects or events that can be experienced directly. That is,
all speculation about abstract entities should be avoided.
Tolman, Edward Chace correct answers >> Created a brand
of behaviorism that used mental constructs and emphasized
purposive behavior. Although he employed many intervening
variables, his most important was the cognitive map.
Immanuel Kant correct answers >> He believed that
conscious experience is the result of the interaction between
