The University of Nottingham (UON)

This is a collection of four essay plans, for the following titles: Behaviourism (vs Cognitive Psychology) What influence did Darwin’s evolutionary theory have on the development of Psychology as an academic subject? What were Freud’s (1856 – 1939) Ideas & How have they Influenced Modern Psychology? To what extent should psychology adopt an empiricist or rationalist approach? Use examples from modern psychology to support your argument. They all include extra reading however the referenc...

These principles of taxation notes are a collection of materials from lectures and the study manual provided by the ICAEW. They are a good way to revise and recap content learnt without having to go through the worked examples and questions in the study manual. These are complete notes for everything you need to know for the principles of taxation exam. These notes were taken for the 16/17 exam season.

The purpose of this summary is two-fold: first and foremost, it is to set the scene of the kind of proposition involved by international humanitarian law—of the very idea of a regulation of hostilities and some of its key principles. We shall then attend to the second purpose of this summary—and that is the intended function of international humanitarian law (jus in bello) when set against other aspects of the public international law corpus (such as the international legal regulation of fo...

In this summary, we shall turn our attention to the situations in which international humanitarian law applies. We will explore the historical notion of ‘war’, as distinct from today’s notion of an armed conflict. We will also consider the distinction that the law draws between an international armed conflict and a non-international armed conflict. Finally, we will consider whether any other types of armed conflict exist in addition to international and non-international armed conflicts.

Once we have identified the concept of an (international) armed conflict, we can then turn to the vexed question of the rules that govern the classification of combatants—that is the process which determines which combatants are privileged or unprivileged as a matter of international humanitarian law. The need for this purpose is rooted in the notion of prisoner-of-war status. We shall come to terms with the considerable energies that the law has spent on developing the rules for classificatio...

In this seminar, we will consider (1) the fundamental guarantees afforded to persons hors de combat as well as the protections afforded to particular classes of persons. The classes of persons we shall consider are (2) the wounded and sick; (3) prisoners of war; and (4) women and children.

In this seminar, we shall begin to investigate the protections afforded to civilians by international humanitarian law. Our concern will not be with civilian protection during belligerent occupation, but, rather, the protections given to civilians when their state is not under occupation. This question has been raised acutely in the context of aerial warfare, so that our concentrations will focus on a case study— in the form of the aerial campaign conducted by member states of the North Atlant...

This summary considers the means and methods of combat. We will consider the approaches taken by international humanitarian law to these issues, paying due attention to the principles of distinction and unnecessary suffering.

In this summary, we will examine the relationship between humanitarian law and human rights law, both of which are applicable in time of armed conflict. Humanitarian law and human rights law have very different origins. Humanitarian law has been part of international law from its beginning; human rights law, in contrast, has been primarily a post-World War II development. Humanitarian law has traditionally been concerned with the reciprocal obligations assumed by States towards other States and ...

In this summary, we will consider some difficulties with the application of certain of those rules in non-international armed conflicts. We will pay particular attention to one of the principal differences between international armed conflicts and their non-international counterparts, namely the involvement of non-state armed groups.