Antelope Valley College

Reviews General Chemistry

NMR is the most valuable spectroscopic technique used for structure determination.  More advanced NMR techniques are used in biological chemistry to study protein structure and folding.

Finding structures of new molecules synthesized is critical.  To get a good idea of the range of structural techniques available and how they should be used.

Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon triple bonds.  Acetylene, the simplest alkyne is produced industrially from methane and steam at high temperature.  Our study of alkynes provides an introduction to organic synthesis, the preparation of organic molecules from simpler organic molecules.

To understand organic and/or biochemistry, it is necessary to know:  -What occurs  -Why and how chemical reactions take place We will see how a reaction can be described.

Handedness is important in organic and biochemistry.  Molecular handedness makes possible specific interactions between enzymes and substrates.

C=C double bonds are present in most organic and biological molecules.  To examine consequences of alkene stereoisomerism.  To focus on an important alkene reaction: electrophilic addition.

Organic molecules often have polar covalent bonds as a result of unsymmetrical electron sharing caused by differences in the electronegativity of atoms.  The polarity of a molecule is measured by its dipole moment, .  (+) and () indicate formal charges on atoms in molecules to keep track of valence electrons around an atom.  Some substances must be shown as a resonance hybrid of two or more resonance forms that differ by the location of electrons.  A Brønsted(–Lowry) aci...

Reactions involving organohalides are less frequently encountered than other organic compounds, but reactions such as nucleophilic substitutions/eliminations that they undergo will be encountered. Alkyl halide chemistry is model for mechanistically similar but more complex reactions.

Nucleophilic substitution, base induced elimination are among most widely occurring and versatile reaction types in organic chemistry  Reactions will be examined closely to see: - How they occur - What their characteristics are - How they can be used