San Diego State University

6 major groups studied by microbiologists - Answer - prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea - eukaryotes: algae, protist, fungi - viruses Three domains of life - Answer Size of prokaryotes (bacteria, archaea) - Answer 0.4-10 micrometers Size of eukaryotic microbes (protozoa, algae, fungi) - Answer 10-100 micrometers Observing Microbes - Answer - Prochlorococcus marinus: 0.4 micrometers - Staphylococcus aureus: 0.9 micrometers - E. coli: 2.5 micrometers ...

frequency independent selection - Answer complete dominance partial dominance underdominance overdominance (Heterozygote advantage) frequency-dependent selection - Answer positive frequency dependent selection Negative frequency dependent selection Positive Selection - Answer selection for a particular or trait (typically beneficial) Negative Selection or Purifying Selection - Answer Selection against a particular allele or trait (typically deleterious) ...

Selective Gradient - Answer ... Ring Species - Answer Populations show a gradient in a ring-like geographic pattern. Sympatric speciation - Answer Evolutionary divergence occurring in same (overlapping) geographic ranges. : Can occur by 1) initial disruptive selection, or 2) local ecological niche specialization. Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms - Answer 1) Geographic (Continental Drift, Mountain uplifting, changes in sea level, changes in climate, island format...

central dogma of biology - Answer dna->rna->protein what kind of mutations are passed on to offspring? - Answer germ line, not somatic polymorphic - Answer multiple alleles exist within species at the same time monomorphic - Answer base pair position or locus with no variation - all individuals in a species possess the same allele type at a locus t pyrimidine - Answer t and c (u replaces t in rna) purine - Answer a and g transition mut...

Sexual Dimorphism - Answer Marked [physical] differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females. Examples of Sexual Dimorphism - Answer -Male Sage Grouse: fans tail, puffs chest, struts on display grounds. -African Widow Birds: male has long tail feathers and red shoulder patches; female is drab. -Ducks. Why is sexual dimorphism puzzling? - Answer Natural selection cannot explain it. Asymmetry of Sex - Answer Female investment in offspri...

coupling heterozygote - Answer Both dominant alleles on one locus and both recessive on the other locus on chromosome repulsion heterozygote - Answer when in a parent: 1 dominant and 1 recessive allele are on the same chromosome When does crossing over occur? - Answer prophase of meiosis 1 what causes recombination - Answer by a physical exchange between paired homologous chromosomes early in prophase of the first meiotic division after chromosomes have duplicate...

1. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) provides a quantitative basis for studying genetics in natural populations. Which of the following is NOT a necessary assumption for HWE? a. Similar genotypes mate preferentially with one another. b. Populations are assumed to be very large. c. There is no migration into or out of the population. d. There is no mutation at the locus of interest. e. The gene is assumed to not be under natural selection. - Answer a. Similar genotypes mate preferent...

Genetics definition - Answer study of inheritance What can genetics be used to look at? - Answer to look at different patterns and make predictions for the future What are the 3 subdisciplines of genetics? - Answer Molecular genetics, Transmission genetics, and Population genetics Molecular Genetics - Answer primarily concerned with biochemical mechanisms Transmission Genetics - Answer Patterns of inheritance from one generation to the next (how they are...

An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also: - Answer is bilaterally symmetrical Which of the following structures is responsible for secreting the shell in mollusks? - Answer mantle In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome? - Answer you see a mouth, but not an anus This semester in BIOL 101, you have learned about the multicellular sponges in th...

What are the major structural units of DNA? - Answer phosphate, sugar and base for a nucleotide which pairs to another nucleotide What kind of bond holds the backbone of DNA together - Answer a strong phosphate bond What are the four bases in DNA - Answer Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine which bases are complimentary - Answer Adenine-Thymine (A-T) Cytosine-Guanine (C-G) What kind of bond holds the bases together in DNA - Answer a weak hydrogen bond ...