Louisiana State University

Energy is transferred from Antennae to Reaction Centers - Answer Antennae What pathway yields the most energy? - Answer the complete oxidation of glucose to Co2 The complete oxidation of glucose to _____ yields the most energy - Answer Co2 The pathway that yields the most energy requires what? - Answer the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA and a trip around the citric acid cycle In order for glucose to yield the most energy possible pyruvate must be convert...

In the Anfinsen experiment, urea was used to reduce the disulfide bonds in ribonuclease. T or F - Answer False Enzymes lower the free energy delta G for chemical reactions? T or F - Answer False A negative electrostatic energy value means there is an attractive force between two charged atoms. T or F - Answer True The gluconeogenesis pathway produces ATP, but not as much as glycolysis. T or F - Answer False Glucose is added to Hemoglobin A1C nonezymatically. T...

d - Answer A maternal effect gene is one for which a. protein from the zygote diffuses back through the placenta, affected maternal gene regulation. b. only females express the gene product. c. only the maternal allele is expressed. d. the mRNA and/or protein is made from the mother's genome and deposited in the egg. egg polarity - Answer what does the nanos gene promote segmetation - Answer what do Pair-rule genes promote homeotic - Answer what do antenna...

8 characteristics of biological membranes - Answer 1. bi-layer sheet forming a closed boundary 2. composed of lipids and proteins and can be decorated with carbohydrates 3. membrane lipids are amphipathic molecules that form closed boundary and prevent movement of polar or charged molecules 4. proteins mediate membrane permeability 5. membranes are non-covalent assemblies 6. membranes are asymmetric (outer surface is different from inner surface) 7. membranes are fluid structur...

T/F: In the Anfinsen experiment, urea was used to reduce the disulfide bonds in ribonuclease. - Answer False - urea denatured non covalent bonds - beta-mercaptoethanol was the reductant of disulfide bonds - Denatured protein without structure has no measurable activity T/F: In the Anfinsen experiment, urea was used to denature ribonuclease. - Answer True T/F: Enzymes lower the free energy G for chemical reactions. - Answer False G++ T/F: Enzymes lower the free ener...

Weak Interactions - Answer All noncovalent Individually weak but collectively strong Important for numerous biological reactions -H bonds -Van der waals reactions -Electrostatic reactions -Hydrophobic effect Electrostatic reactions - Answer Opposite charges attract according to Columb's Law Columb's Law for Electrostatic Reactions - Answer E=kq1 q2/r2D Importance of pH - Answer -pH effects protonation/deprotonation state and overall charge of molecule...

What three enzymes are involved in glycogen degradation? - Answer phosphorylase, transferase, alpha-1,6-glucosidase function of phosphorylase in glycogen degradation - Answer cleaves alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds by phosphorylation; releases glucose 1-phosphate function of transferase in glycogen metabolism - Answer shifts small oligosaccharide near branch point because phosphorylase cannot work near branch points function of alpha-1,6-glucosidase in glycogen metabolism -...

glycolysis stage 1 - Answer ATP hydrolyzed regulated by energy charge glycolysis stage 2 - Answer NADH and ATP produced regulated by energy charge glycolysis regulation in muscle cells - Answer AMP and F2,6BP = positive effector PFK ATP = negative effector of PK and PFK glycolysis regulation in liver cells - Answer F2,6BP = positive effector of PFK alanine = negative effector of PK ETC for NADH during glycolysis of liver cells - Answer Malate/Asparta...

Alanine (Ala) - small - hydrophobic -useless/benign - Answer Arginine - Arg, R - Large - Charged/Basic - R groups contains a hydrocarbon group - R group contains a guanidinium group - pKa 12.5 - Protonated and positively charged at physiological pH - Hydrophilic - Can form salt-bridges (aka electrostatic interactions with acidic amino acids aspartate and glutamate) - Answer Asparagine - Asn, N - Small to medium size - Polar/hydrophilic - No formal charge, but...

weak interactions - Answer noncovalent, H-bonds, electrostatic interactions, Van der Waals; hydrophobic Hydrophobic - Answer The inability of water to dissolve nonpolar molecules; when proteins fold, these molecules are inside Brownian motion - Answer movement of molecules powered by random fluctuations of environmental energy electrostatic interactions - Answer Interactions in which oppositely charged specifies (ions) attract each other attractive - Answer ...