Cambridge College

Sensory Physiology Introduction • The survival of any organism depends on having adequate information about the external environment, where food is to be found and where hazards abound. • Also important for maintaining the function of a complex organism is information about the state of numerous internal bodily processes and functions. Introduction • Events in the external and internal environment must first be translated into signals that the nervous systems can proc...

RECEPTORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, PHAGOCYTIC CELLS, AND TOLERANCE  Receptors of the innate immune system mediate a number of different functions.  Many are phagocytic receptors that stimulate ingestion of the pathogens they recognize.  Some are chemotactic receptors, such as the f-Met-Leu-Phe receptor, which binds the N-formylated peptides produced by bacteria, and guides neutrophils to sites of infection.  A third function is to induce effector molecules, that cont...

Principles of Immunology INTRODUCTION • The immune system serves as a means to resist infection. • It is comprised of two major sub-divisions; The innate and adaptive/acquired immune systems. • Its main function is to discriminate between self and nonself, thus protecting against invading organisms and to eliminate modified or altered cells. • There are both cellular and Humoral aspects to both adaptive/acquired/specific and innate immune responses. • All the cells invo...

Posterior Pituitary Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin November 6, 2021 posterior pituitary 1 Posterior Pituitary • Called neurohypophysis – Composed glial cells (pituicytes) – They are the supporting cells for • Nerve terminals that originate in the supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei • Nerve endings lie on the capillaries – Release vasopressin & oxytocin November 6, 2021 posterior pituitary 2 Hormones of Posterior Pituitary • The hormones of the posterior pitu...

Pain Pain • Many ailments of the body cause pain. • The ability to diagnose different diseases depends to a great extent on a clinician’s knowledge of the different qualities of pain. • It occurs whenever tissues are being damaged and causes the individual to react to remove the pain stimulus. • Even simple activities as sitting for a long time on the ischium can cause tissue destruction because of lack of blood flow to the skin where it is compressed by the weight...

HUMORAL DEFENCES THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM ANTIBODIES • Humoral immunity refers to the non cellular aspects of the immune system i.e. antibodies synthesis and the accessory processes that accompany it, including: • Th2 activation and cytokine production, • Germinal centre formation and isotype switching, • Affinity maturation and • Memory cell generation. • It also refers to the effector functions of antibody, which include: • Pathogen and toxin neutralization, • Classica...

Growth Hormone • Growth hormone is also known as somatotropin. • It is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell production and cell regeneration. • It is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland September 20, 2022 Growth hormone 3 Structure • Human growth hormone – Has 191 AA residues – MW 22000 (22K hGH) • GH is bound to a protein in plasma – ½ Of GH activity is bound which form • Reservoir of hormone to • Compensate for wide fluctuati...

Embryology of respiratory system and thoracic diaphragm Sequence of development Site – Ventral wall of Foregut Embryonic - Week 4 Pseudoglandular - week 5 - 17 iii. Canalicular – Week 18 - 24 iv. Terminal saccular - Week 24 - birth v. Alveolar – birth – 8 years Timing – 4th week Laryngotracheal diverticulum – ventral wall of foregut Tracheoesophageal folds develop on either side Tracheoesophageal septum that separates it from foregut Epithelium and glands of tra...

AUTOIMMUNITY & HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS AUTOIMMUNITY • This occurs when the immune system attacks self-molecules as a result of a breakdown of immunologic tolerance to autoreactive immune cells. • Many autoimmune disorders have been strongly associated with genetic, infectious, and/or environmental predisposing factors. • Comprising multiple disorders and symptoms ranging from organ-specific to systemic, autoimmune diseases include; • Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, ...

Endocrinology • Both nervous and endocrine systems are the basic systems that regulate the biological processes inside an organism, but through different means of passing signals. • The main difference between the two systems is that nervous system uses electric pulses, and endocrine system uses chemical stimuli to pass the signals to the target cells or organs. CELL-TO-CELL SIGNALING • Cell to cell signaling refers to the transfer of information from one cell to anoth...