The City College Of New York

1. Marine teleosts that live in the ocean where the seawater has an osmotic pressure of 800 mOsm have an osmotic pressure of _______ mOsm. a. 900 b. 850 c. 800 d. 600 e. 500 Answer: e Textbook Reference: Introduction, p. 717 Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 2. If the osmolarity of freshwater is 100 mOsm, the freshwater animals would regulate their blood to an osmolarity of about _______ mOsm. a. 70 b. 80 c. 90 d. 100 e. 120 Answer: e Textbook Reference: Animals in Freshwater, p....

Chapter 13: Synapses 1. A specialized site of contact of one neuron with another neuron (or effector) is known as a a. neuron. b. receptor–neurotransmitter complex. c. muscle. d. membrane. e. synapse. Answer: e Textbook Reference: Introduction, p. 327 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. Which of the following transmits information the fastest? a. Ionotropic EPSP b. Metabotropic IPSP c. Electrical synapse d. Fast EPSP e. None of the above Answer: c Textbook Reference: Synapt...

Chapter 27: Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms 1. Larger crustaceans, such as a blue crab, have an exoskeleton impregnated with a. cellulose. b. calcium. c. phospholipids. d. proteoglycans. e. glycolipids. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Introduction, p. 699 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. The purpose of taking excess water into the body during the process of molting is to a. swell the body to fight off predators. b. provide structural rigidity. c. increase t...

Introduction Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are the most common type of blood cells and the vertebrate’s primary means of delivering oxygen to the cells of the body through the blood. The cells are composed of hemoglobin, a molecule that binds to oxygen and also carries some of the carbon dioxide produced in the tissue back to the lungs. The red color of erythrocytes is also the result of hemoglobin, which consists of iron and protein; increase or decrease in the concentration of hemoglo...

This document is a summary and very shortened notes of all organic chemistry 2 syntheses and reactions. Notes are organized by synthesis and reactions. Notes are color coded and are digitally taken handwritten notes.

This document contains all information necessary to know about carbohydrates for an organic chemistry 2 course. It includes a list of all the basic carbohydrates known. It includes explanations about the nature of carbohydrates and their nomenclature. Other information includes intramolecular reactions of carbohydrates, ester formation reactions, glycoside formation, reduction and oxidation reactions. Other important reactions include chain lengthening (Kiliani-Fischer) and shortening (Wonl) rea...

This document is a summary of the alpha carbon chemistry chapter of the organic chemistry 2 course. It is digitally taken handwritten notes. This chapter contains all necessary information needed to know about the alpha carbon chemistry of carbonyl compounds. These notes are color coded. It contains information about acidity, enolizations, alpha halogenations, aldol and claisen condensation reactions, malonic and acetoacetic ester synthesis, conjugate addition and michael addition reactions. Rea...

This document is a summary and shortened notes of the carboxylic acids chapter. Notes are digitally taken, handwritten notes. This chapter contains all necessary synthesis and reactions of carboxylic acids and derivatives. Derivatives covered in this chapter include acyl chlorides, acid anhydride, esters and amides. Synthesis and reactions of carboxylic acids and its derivatives are included, showing mechanisms as necessary. Notes are color coded to follow through easily.

This document is a summary of the aldehydes and ketones chapter of the organic chemistry 2 course. It is digitally taken, handwritten notes. It covers information including nomenclature, synthesis and reactions with strong and weak nucleophiles. It also shows how to make hemi-acetals and acetals. Other reactions include the Wittig reaction and how to synthesize and Ylide. Notes are color coded and shortened for easy understanding and reviewing.

This document is a summary of the Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Chapter of the organic chemistry 2 course. Notes are digitally taken, handwritten notes. It starts with the mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution, which is the foundational knowledge needed to understand this chapter. Mechanisms include halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and many others. It also talks about activators and deactivators, synthesis of disubstituted benzene derivatives. It al...