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All matters are made of atoms made of electrons, protons and neutrons An atom is the smallest particle of an element and each element has a unique atomic structure. According to Bohr Model, atom structure has central nucleus and orbiting electrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom at certain distance from the nucleus Each orbit correspond to a certain energy level

The reverse operation of finding a derivative is called the antiderivative. A function F is an antiderivative of a function. The expression:  f (x)dx read “the indefinite integral of f with respect to x,” means to find the set of all antiderivatives of f.

In crystalline materials, atoms pack in periodic and 3D arrays typical of metals, many ceramics and some polymers. In non-crystalline materials, atoms have no periodic packing, it occurs for complex structures and rapid cooling. Amorphous are non crystalline Amorphous materials – these are materials that include glasses, which have no long-range order, or crystal structure. Glasses – rigid solid, non-crystalline materials (typically derived from the molten state) that have only sho...